Although the decisions of our daily lives often occur in the context of temporal and reward structures, the impact of such regularities on decision-making strategy is poorly understood. Here, to explore how temporal and reward context modulate strategy, we trained 2 male rhesus monkeys to perform a novel perceptual decision-making task with asymmetric rewards and time-varying evidence reliability. To model the choice and response time patterns, we developed a computational framework for fitting generalized drift-diffusion models, which flexibly accommodate diverse evidence accumulation strategies. We found that a dynamic urgency signal and leaky integration, in combination with two independent forms of reward biases, best capture behavior. We also tested how temporal structure influences urgency by systematically manipulating the temporal structure of sensory evidence, and found that the time course of urgency was affected by temporal context. Overall, our approach identified key components of cognitive mechanisms for incorporating temporal and reward structure into decisions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In everyday life, decisions are influenced by many factors, including reward structures and stimulus timing. While reward and timing have been characterized in isolation, ecologically valid decision-making involves a multiplicity of factors acting simultaneously. This raises questions about whether the same decision-making strategy is used when these two factors are concurrently manipulated. To address these questions, we trained rhesus monkeys to perform a novel decision-making task with both reward asymmetry and temporal uncertainty. In order to understand their strategy and hint at its neural mechanisms, we used the new generalized drift diffusion modeling framework to model both reward and timing mechanisms. We found two of each reward and timing mechanisms are necessary to explain our data.

尽管我们日常生活中的决策通常发生在时间和报酬结构的背景下，但人们对这种规律性对决策策略的影响知之甚少。在这里，为了探索时间和奖励情境如何调节策略，我们训练了两只雄性恒河猴，以执行具有不对称奖励和时变证据可靠性的新型感知决策任务。为了对选择和响应时间模式进行建模，我们开发了适用于广义漂移扩散模型的计算框架，该模型可以灵活地适应各种证据积累策略。我们发现动态的紧急信号和泄漏集成，结合两种独立的奖励偏差形式，可以实现最佳捕获行为。我们还通过系统地操纵感觉证据的时间结构来测试时间结构如何影响紧迫感，并发现紧迫感的时间过程受时间上下文的影响。总体而言，我们的方法确定了将时间和奖励结构纳入决策的认知机制的关键组成部分。

意义声明在日常生活中，决策受许多因素影响，包括奖励结构和刺激时机。虽然奖励和时间安排是孤立的，但生态上有效的决策涉及多个同时起作用的因素。这就提出了以下问题：在同时操纵这两个因素时是否使用相同的决策策略。为了解决这些问题，我们训练了恒河猴来执行具有奖励不对称性和时间不确定性的新型决策任务。为了了解他们的策略并暗示其神经机制，我们使用了新的广义漂移扩散建模框架来对奖励机制和计时机制进行建模。我们发现每种奖励和计时机制中的两种都是解释我们的数据所必需的。