Fecal indicator organisms (FIOs), such as Escherichia coli and enterococci, are often used as surrogates of contamination in the context of beach management; however, bacteriophages may be more reliable indicators than FIO due to their similarity to viral pathogens in terms of size and persistence in the environment. In the past, mechanistic modeling of environmental contamination has focused on FIOs, with virus and bacteriophage modeling efforts remaining limited. In this paper, we describe the development and application of a fate and transport model of somatic and F-specific coliphages for the Washington Park beach in Lake Michigan, which is affected by riverine outputs from the nearby Trail Creek. A three-dimensional model of coliphage transport and photoinactivation was tested and compared with a previously reported E. coli fate and transport model. The light-based inactivation of the phages was modeled using organism-specific action spectra. Results indicate that the coliphage models outperformed the E. coli model in terms of reliably predicting observed E. coli/coliphage concentrations at the beach. This is possibly due to the presence of additional E. coli sources that were not accounted for in the modeling. The coliphage models can be used to test hypotheses about potential sources and their behavior and for predictive modeling.

中文翻译：

---

在五大湖海滩模拟体细胞和 F 特异性大肠杆菌噬菌体的光灭活和运输

粪便指示生物 (FIO)，例如大肠杆菌和肠球菌，在海滩管理中经常被用作污染的替代物；然而，噬菌体可能是比 FIO 更可靠的指标，因为它们在大小和环境中的持久性方面与病毒病原体相似。过去，环境污染的机械建模主要集中在 FIO，而病毒和噬菌体建模工作仍然有限。在本文中，我们描述了密歇根湖华盛顿公园海滩体细胞和 F 特异性大肠杆菌噬菌体的命运和运输模型的开发和应用，该海滩受到附近 Trail Creek 河流输出的影响。测试了大肠杆菌噬菌体运输和光灭活的三维模型，并与先前报道的大肠杆菌进行了比较。大肠杆菌命运和运输模型。使用生物体特异性作用光谱对噬菌体的基于光的灭活进行建模。结果表明，在可靠地预测海滩上观察到的大肠杆菌/大肠杆菌浓度方面，大肠杆菌模型优于大肠杆菌模型。这可能是由于存在模型中未考虑的其他大肠杆菌来源。大肠杆菌噬菌体模型可用于测试关于潜在来源及其行为的假设以及用于预测建模。模型中未考虑的大肠杆菌来源。大肠杆菌噬菌体模型可用于测试关于潜在来源及其行为的假设以及用于预测建模。模型中未考虑的大肠杆菌来源。大肠杆菌噬菌体模型可用于测试关于潜在来源及其行为的假设以及用于预测建模。