In vitro methods have gained rising importance in ecotoxicology due to ethical concerns. The aim of this study was to assess the single and combined in vitro effects of gold, as nanoparticle (AuNPs) and ionic (Au⁺) form, and the pharmaceutical gemfibrozil (GEM). Sparus aurata liver organ culture was exposed to gold (4 to 7200 μg·L⁻¹), GEM (1.5 to 15,000 μg·L⁻¹) and combination 80 μg·L⁻¹ gold +150 μg·L⁻¹ GEM for 24 h. Endpoints related with antioxidant status, peroxidative/genetic damage were assessed. AuNPs caused more effects than Au⁺, increasing catalase and glutathione reductase activities and damaging DNA and cellular membranes. Effects were dependent on AuNPs size, coating and concentration. GEM damaged DNA at an environmentally relevant concentration, 1.5 μg·L⁻¹. Overall, the effects of the combined exposures were higher than the predicted, based on single exposures. This study showed that liver culture can be a useful model to study contaminants effects.

由于伦理问题，体外方法在生态毒理学中的重要性日益提高。这项研究的目的是评估以纳米粒子（AuNPs）和离子型（Au ⁺）形式存在的金以及药物吉非贝齐（GEM）的单一和组合体外作用。将金枪鱼肝脏器官培养物暴露于金（4至7200μg·L ^-1），GEM（1.5至15,000μg·L ^-1）和80μg·L ^-1金+150μg·L ^-1 GEM的组合中暴露24天H。评估与抗氧化剂状态，过氧化/遗传损伤有关的终点。AuNPs产生的作用大于Au ⁺，增加过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性，并破坏DNA和细胞膜。效果取决于AuNPs的大小，涂层和浓度。GEM在与环境相关的浓度1.5μg·L ^-1下破坏了DNA 。总体而言，基于单次暴露，合并暴露的影响高于预期。这项研究表明，肝培养可以成为研究污染物影响的有用模型。