In order to achieve the UNFCCC Paris Agreement goals, climate policies worldwide require considerable ratcheting-up. Policy sequencing provides a framework for analysing policy process dynamics that facilitate ratcheting-up. We apply a sequencing perspective to two key EU climate and energy policies, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), to comparatively test the empirical relevance of sequencing for single policies – in addition to sequencing across policies, which has been the focus of sequencing theory so far – and to uncover specific mechanisms. Our results confirm that sequencing, based on triggering positive and controlling negative feedback, is relevant both within and across policies. Policy choices that may facilitate ratcheting-up include tools to control costs, the possibility to centralise and harmonise in a multi-level governance context, options for compensation of reluctant actors, and the encouragement of learning processes.

为了实现《联合国气候变化框架公约》《巴黎协定》的目标，全球范围内的气候政策都需要大量增加。策略排序提供了一个框架，用于分析促进棘手的策略过程动态。我们将排序观点应用于欧盟的两个关键气候和能源政策，即排放交易计划（ETS）和可再生能源指令（RED），以比较检验单个政策的排序的经验相关性-除了跨政策的排序之外，到目前为止，测序理论一直是人们关注的焦点-并揭示特定的机制。我们的结果证实，基于触发积极和控制性消极反馈的排序，在政策内部和政策之间都是相关的。可能会促进棘手问题的政策选择包括控制成本的工具，