Abstract This work presents novel discrete event-based simulation algorithms based on the Quantized State System (QSS) numerical methods. QSS provides attractive features for particle transportation processes, in particular a very efficient handling of discontinuities in the simulation of continuous systems. We focus on High Energy Physics (HEP) particle tracking applications that typically rely on discrete time-based methods, and study the advantages of adopting a discrete event-based numerical approach that resolves efficiently the crossing of geometry boundaries by a traveling particle. For this purpose we follow two complementary strategies. First, a new co-simulation technique connects the Geant4 simulation toolkit with a standalone QSS solver. Second, a new native QSS numerical stepper is embedded into Geant4. We compare both approaches against the latest Geant4 default steppers in different HEP setups, including a complex realistic scenario (the CMS particle detector at CERN). Our techniques achieve relevant simulation speedups in a wide range of scenarios, particularly when the intensity of discrete-event handling dominates performance in the solving of the continuous laws of particle motion.

中文翻译：

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用于高能物理的高效基于离散事件的粒子跟踪仿真

摘要 这项工作提出了基于量化状态系统 (QSS) 数值方法的新型基于离散事件的仿真算法。QSS 为粒子传输过程提供了有吸引力的功能，特别是在连续系统的模拟中非常有效地处理不连续性。我们专注于通常依赖于基于离散时间的方法的高能物理 (HEP) 粒子跟踪应用程序，并研究采用基于离散事件的数值方法的优势，该方法可有效解决行进粒子跨越几何边界的问题。为此，我们遵循两种互补的策略。首先，一种新的协同仿真技术将 Geant4 仿真工具包与独立的 QSS 求解器连接起来。其次，一个新的原生 QSS 数字步进器被嵌入到 Geant4 中。我们将两种方法与不同 HEP 设置中最新的 Geant4 默认步进器进行比较，包括复杂的现实场景（CERN 的 CMS 粒子探测器）。我们的技术在广泛的场景中实现了相关的模拟加速，特别是当离散事件处理的强度在解决粒子运动的连续定律时占主导地位时。