Background

Azoles are considered as one of the most efficient fungicides for the treatment of humans, animals, and plant fungal pathogens. They are of significant clinical importance as antifungal drugs and are widely used in personal care products, ultraviolet stabilizers, and in aircraft for its anti-corrosive properties. The prevalence of azole compounds in the natural environment and its accumulation in fish raises questions about its impact on aquatic organisms.

Objectives

The objective of this paper is to review the scientific studies on the effects of azole compounds in fish and to discuss future opportunities for the risk evaluation.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted on Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect to locate peer-reviewed scientific articles on occurrence, environmental fate, and toxicological impact of azole fungicides on fish.

Results

Studies included in this review provide ample evidence that azole compounds are not only commonly detected in the natural environment but also cause several detrimental effects on fish. Future studies with environmentally relevant concentrations of azole alone or in combination with other commonly occurring contaminants in a multigenerational study could provide a better understanding.

Conclusion

Based on current knowledge and studies reporting adverse biological effects of azole on fish, considerable attention is required for better management and effective ecological risk assessment of these emerging contaminants.

中文翻译：

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唑类化合物对鱼类的环境毒性综述

背景

唑类被认为是治疗人类、动物和植物真菌病原体最有效的杀菌剂之一。它们作为抗真菌药物具有重要的临床意义，并因其抗腐蚀性能而广泛用于个人护理产品、紫外线稳定剂和飞机中。唑类化合物在自然环境中的普遍存在及其在鱼类中的积累引发了关于其对水生生物影响的问题。

目标

本文的目的是回顾关于唑类化合物对鱼类影响的科学研究，并讨论未来风险评估的机会。

方法

在 Web of Science、PubMed 和 ScienceDirect 上进行了系统的文献检索，以查找有关唑类杀菌剂对鱼类的发生、环境归宿和毒理学影响的同行评审科学文章。

结果

本综述中包含的研究提供了充分的证据，表明唑类化合物不仅在自然环境中普遍存在，而且对鱼类也造成了一些不利影响。在多代研究中单独使用与环境相关的唑类浓度或与其他常见污染物结合的未来研究可以提供更好的理解。

结论

根据目前报告唑类对鱼类的不利生物影响的知识和研究，需要对这些新兴污染物进行更好的管理和有效的生态风险评估给予相当多的关注。