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Sol-gel synthesis of highly reproducible WO 3 photoanodes for solar water oxidation
Science China Materials ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 , DOI: 10.1007/s40843-020-1430-4
Jianyong Feng , Xin Zhao , Bowei Zhang , Guang Yang , Qinfeng Qian , Su Su Khine Ma , Zhong Chen , Zhaosheng Li , Yizhong Huang

Although monoclinic WO3 is widely studied as a prototypical photoanode material for solar water splitting, limited success, hitherto, in fabricating WO3 photoanodes that simultaneously demonstrate high efficiency and reproducibility has been realized. The difficulty in controlling both the efficiency and reproducibility is derived from the ever-changing structures/compositions and chemical environments of the precursors, such as peroxytungstic acid and freshly prepared tungstic acid, which render the fabrication processes of the WO3 photoanodes particularly uncontrollable. Herein, a highly reproducible sol-gel process was developed to establish efficient and translucent WO3 photoanodes using a chemically stable ammonium metatungstate precursor. Under standard simulated sunlight of air mass 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2, the WO3 photoanode delivered photocurrent densities of ca. 2.05 and 2.25 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), when tested in 1 mol L−1 H2SO4 and CH3SO3H, respectively. Hence, the WO3 photoanodes fabricated herein are one of the WO3 photoanodes with the highest performance ever reported. The reproducibility of the fabrication scheme was evaluated by testing 50 randomly selected WO3 samples in 1 mol L−1 H2SO4, which yielded an average photocurrent density of 1.8 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE with a small standard deviation. Additionally, the effectiveness of the ammonium metatungstate precursor solution was maintained for at least 3 weeks, when compared with the associated upper-limit values of peroxytungstic and tungstic acid based precursors after 3 d. This study presents a key step to the future development of WO3 photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting.



中文翻译:

溶胶-凝胶法合成用于太阳能氧化的高度可复制的WO 3光阳极

尽管单斜晶WO 3作为用于太阳能水分解的典型光阳极材料已得到广泛研究,但迄今为止,在制造同时显示出高效率和可再现性的WO 3光电阳极方面取得了有限的成功。控制效率和可重复性的困难源于前体(例如过氧钨酸和新鲜制备的钨酸)的不断变化的结构/组成和化学环境,这使得WO 3光阳极的制造过程特别不可控制。本文中,开发了高度可再现的溶胶-凝胶工艺以建立有效且半透明的WO 3使用化学稳定的偏钨酸铵前体制备光阳极。在空气质量为1.5 G,100 mW cm -2的标准模拟太阳光下,WO 3光电阳极的光电流密度为。当分别在1 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4和CH 3 SO 3 H中进行测试时,对于可逆氢电极(RHE)在1.23 V时2.05和2.25 mA cm -2。因此,WO 3个光阳极制作方式是本WO之一3个光阳极与迄今报道的最高的性能。通过测试50个随机选择的WO来评估制造方案的可重复性在1 mol L -1 H 2 SO 4中的3个样品,在1.23 V RHE时产生的平均光电流密度为1.8 mA cm -2,标准偏差很小。此外,与过氧化钨和钨酸基前体在3天后的相关上限值相比,偏钨酸铵前体溶液的效力至少维持3周。这项研究提出了WO 3光电阳极未来发展的关键步骤,以实现有效的太阳能水分解。

更新日期:2020-09-15
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