Reclamation of abandoned mines to grassland may benefit non-target wildlife like pollinators by providing conservation habitat. Co-colonization of wildflowers and pollinators has been used to measure ecological recovery in other disturbed herbaceous habitats. Revegetated surface coal mines in eastern North America are a unique system in which to study re-establishment of plant–pollinator interactions because they are field islands isolated by forest. Using a time series of 10 grassland-reclaimed mines (aged 20 years) in Ohio, USA, we evaluate whether former mines provide habitat for bees, seek insights into species accumulation as sites mature, and examine the consequences for bee conservation and plant–pollinator interactions. In 120 h of netting over two consecutive years, we documented 7749 bees of 139 species visiting 117 wildflower species. Bee richness did not differ between young and mature sites, suggesting that diverse communities established rapidly following reclamation and persisted. Bee species assemblage, however, differed between sites 10 years post-reclamation, and was influenced by vegetation and the amount of nearby forest. Plant–bee networks on sites > 10 years old had more links per species and greater network nestedness than new reclamations, suggesting the development of a core community of interacting species that stabilize pollination services over time. Reclamation grasslands are not typically considered high-quality pollinator conservation habitat, but we found that they harbor a diverse bee fauna similar to other regional meadow habitats. Reclaimed mines remain undeveloped for many years, and can accumulate pollinator species and export bees to the surrounding landscape.

中文翻译：

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草地开垦矿山时间序列上植物-传粉媒介相互作用的快速恢复

通过提供保护栖息地，将废弃矿山开垦为草原可能会使传粉媒介等非目标野生动物受益。野花和传粉媒介的共同定殖已被用于测量其他受干扰草本栖息地的生态恢复。北美东部的重新植被地表煤矿是一个独特的系统，可以在其中研究植物 - 传粉媒介相互作用的重建，因为它们是被森林隔离的田野岛屿。我们使用美国俄亥俄州 10 个草地开垦矿山（年龄 20 年）的时间序列，评估以前的矿山是否为蜜蜂提供栖息地，随着地点的成熟寻求物种积累的见解，并检查对蜜蜂保护和植物传粉者的影响相互作用。在连续两年的 120 小时网中，我们记录了 139 种的 7749 只蜜蜂访问了 117 种野花。年轻和成熟站点之间的蜜蜂丰富度没有差异，这表明不同的社区在开垦后迅速建立并持续存在。然而，开垦后 10 年，不同地点的蜜蜂物种组合有所不同，并且受到植被和附近森林数量的影响。与新开垦区相比，10 年以上历史的植物-蜜蜂网络每个物种的链接更多，网络嵌套性更强，这表明相互作用物种的核心群落正在发展，随着时间的推移稳定授粉服务。开垦草原通常不被认为是高质量的传粉媒介保护栖息地，但我们发现它们拥有与其他区域草甸栖息地类似的多样化蜜蜂动物群。再生矿多年未开发，