Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are spherical extracellular organelles whose cargo is enclosed by a biological membrane. The cargo can be delivered to distant parts of a given habitat in a protected and concentrated manner. This review presents current knowledge about BMVs in the context of bacterial eco-evolutionary dynamics among different environments and hosts. BMVs may play an important role in establishing and stabilizing bacterial communities in such environments; for example, bacterial populations may benefit from BMVs to delay the negative effect of certain evolutionary trade-offs that can result in deleterious phenotypes. BMVs can also perform ecosystem engineering by serving as detergents, mediators in biochemical cycles, components of different biofilms, substrates for cross-feeding, defense systems against different dangers and enzyme-delivery mechanisms that can change substrate availability. BMVs further contribute to bacteria as mediators in different interactions, with either other bacterial species or their hosts. In short, BMVs extend and deliver phenotypic traits that can have ecological and evolutionary value to both their producers and the ecosystem as a whole.

中文翻译：

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细菌膜囊泡介导的生态进化反馈

细菌膜囊泡 (BMV) 是球形的细胞外细胞器，其货物被生物膜包围。货物可以以受保护和集中的方式运送到给定栖息地的远处。本综述介绍了在不同环境和宿主之间细菌生态进化动态背景下有关 BMV 的最新知识。BMV 可能在这种环境中建立和稳定细菌群落方面发挥重要作用；例如，细菌种群可能受益于 BMV，以延迟某些可能导致有害表型的进化权衡的负面影响。BMV 还可以通过充当清洁剂、生化循环中的介质、不同生物膜的成分、交叉喂养的底物、防御系统，以抵御可能改变底物可用性的不同危险和酶传递机制。BMV 进一步促进细菌作为与其他细菌物种或其宿主不同相互作用的介质。简而言之，BMV 扩展并提供了对其生产者和整个生态系统都具有生态和进化价值的表型特征。