Background: Neuromodulation through translingual neurostimulation (TLNS) has been shown to initiate long-lasting processes of neuronal reorganization with a variety of outcomes (i.e., neuroplasticity). Non-invasive TLNS is increasingly accessible through the Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®), a medical device that delivers electrical stimulation to the tongue to activate the trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) cranial nerves. Anecdotal reports from previous clinical studies have suggested incidental improvements in cognitive function. To objectively explore this observation, we examined TLNS-related effects on the semantic N400 brain vital sign cognitive response during cognitive skills training in healthy individuals. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy volunteers were randomized to receive simultaneous TLNS (treatment) or no TLNS (control) while undergoing cognitive skills training. Cognitive training was conducted for two 20-min sessions (morning and afternoon/evening) over 3 consecutive days. Brain vital signs were evaluated at baseline, Day 1, and Day 3. Analyses focused on cognitive processing as measured by N400 changes in amplitude and latency. Results: Over the 3-day course of cognitive training, the N400 amplitude decreased significantly in the control group due to habituation (p = 0.028). In contrast, there was no significant change in the TLNS treatment group. Conclusion: TLNS led to a sustained N400 response during cognitive skills training, as measured by the brain’s vital signs framework. The study findings suggest differential learning effects due to neuromodulation, consistent with increased attention and cognitive vigilance.

中文翻译：

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在认知技能训练期间使用神经调节时，大脑生命体征检测信息处理差异

背景：通过跨语言神经刺激 (TLNS) 进行的神经调节已被证明可以启动具有多种结果（即神经可塑性）的长期神经元重组过程。通过便携式神经调节刺激器 (PoNS®) 越来越多地使用非侵入性 TLNS，这是一种向舌头提供电刺激以激活三叉 (V) 和面部 (VII) 颅神经的医疗设备。先前临床研究的轶事报告表明，认知功能有偶然的改善。为了客观地探索这一观察结果，我们在健康个体的认知技能训练期间检查了 TLNS 相关对语义 N400 大脑生命体征认知反应的影响。方法：37 名健康志愿者随机接受同时接受 TLNS（治疗）或不接受 TLNS（对照），同时接受认知技能训练。连续 3 天进行两次 20 分钟的认知训练（上午和下午/晚上）。在基线、第 1 天和第 3 天评估脑生命体征。分析集中在通过 N400 振幅和潜伏期变化测量的认知处理。结果：在为期 3 天的认知训练过程中，由于习惯，对照组的 N400 振幅显着降低（p = 0.028）。相比之下，TLNS 治疗组没有显着变化。结论：根据大脑的生命体征框架衡量，在认知技能训练期间，TLNS 导致持续的 N400 反应。