Unhealthful lifestyle factors, such as obesity, disrupt organismal homeostasis and accelerate cancer pathogenesis, partly through metabolic and immunological dysregulation. Exercise is a prototypical strategy that maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular and molecular levels and can prevent or inhibit numerous disease conditions, including cancer. Here, we review unhealthful lifestyle factors that contribute to metabolic and immunological dysregulation and drive tumourigenesis, focusing on patient physiology (host)–tissue–tumour microenvironment interactions. We also discuss how exercise may influence distant tissue microenvironments, thereby improving tissue function through both metabolic and immunospecific pathways. Finally, we consider future directions that merit consideration in basic and clinical translational exercise studies.

不健康的生活方式因素，如肥胖，会破坏机体稳态并加速癌症发病机制，部分原因是代谢和免疫失调。运动是一种典型的策略，可以在有机体、组织、细胞和分子水平上维持和恢复体内平衡，并且可以预防或抑制包括癌症在内的多种疾病状况。在这里，我们回顾了导致代谢和免疫失调并驱动肿瘤发生的不健康生活方式因素，重点关注患者生理（宿主）-组织-肿瘤微环境的相互作用。我们还讨论了运动如何影响远处的组织微环境，从而通过代谢和免疫特异性途径改善组织功能。最后，