The present review (containing 242 references) illustrates the importance and application of optical and electrochemical methods as well as their performance improvement using various methods for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. The application of advanced nanomaterials including hyper branched nanopolymers, carbon‐based materials and silver, gold and so on. nanoparticles for biosensing of pathogenic bacteria was also investigated. In addition, a summary of the applications of nanoparticle‐based electrochemical biosensors for the identification of pathogenic bacteria has been provided and their advantages, detriments and future development capabilities was argued. Therefore, the main focus in the present review is to investigate the role of nanomaterials in the development of biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, type of nanoparticles, analytes, methods of detection and injection, sensitivity, matrix and method of tagging are also argued in detail. As a result, we have collected electrochemical and optical biosensors designed to detect pathogenic bacteria, and argued outstanding features, research opportunities, potential and prospects for their development, according to recently published research articles.

中文翻译：

---

病原菌生物测定的最新进展与挑战

本综述（包含 242 篇参考文献）说明了光学和电化学方法的重要性和应用，以及使用各种方法检测病原菌的性能改进。先进纳米材料的应用包括超支化纳米聚合物、碳基材料和银、金等。还研究了用于病原菌生物传感的纳米颗粒。此外，还总结了基于纳米颗粒的电化学生物传感器在病原菌鉴定中的应用，并讨论了它们的优缺点和未来发展能力。因此，本综述的主要重点是研究纳米材料在开发用于检测病原菌的生物传感器中的作用。此外，还详细讨论了纳米颗粒的类型、分析物、检测和注射方法、灵敏度、基质和标记方法。因此，根据最近发表的研究文章，我们收集了旨在检测​​病原菌的电化学和光学生物传感器，并讨论了它们的突出特点、研究机会、潜力和发展前景。