The study of heart repair post-myocardial infarction has historically focused on the importance of cardiomyocyte proliferation as the major factor limiting adult mammalian heart regeneration. However, there is mounting evidence that a narrow focus on this one cell type discounts the importance of a complex cascade of cell–cell communication involving a whole host of different cell types. A major difficulty in the study of heart regeneration is the rarity of this process in adult animals, meaning a mammalian template for how this can be achieved is lacking. Here, we review the adult zebrafish as an ideal and unique model in which to study the underlying mechanisms and cell types required to attain complete heart regeneration following cardiac injury. We provide an introduction to the role of the cardiac microenvironment in the complex regenerative process and discuss some of the key advances using this in vivo vertebrate model that have recently increased our understanding of the vital roles of multiple different cell types. Due to the sheer number of exciting studies describing new and unexpected roles for inflammatory cell populations in cardiac regeneration, this review will pay particular attention to these important microenvironment participants.

心肌梗塞后心脏修复的研究历来侧重于心肌细胞增殖作为限制成年哺乳动物心脏再生的主要因素的重要性。然而，越来越多的证据表明，对这种细胞类型的狭隘关注忽视了涉及一系列不同细胞类型的复杂细胞间通讯级联的重要性。心脏再生研究的一个主要困难是这一过程在成年动物中很少见，这意味着缺乏如何实现这一目标的哺乳动物模板。在这里，我们将成年斑马鱼视为一种理想和独特的模型，在其中研究心脏损伤后实现完全心脏再生所需的潜在机制和细胞类型。我们介绍了心脏微环境在复杂再生过程中的作用，并讨论了使用这种体内脊椎动物模型的一些关键进展，这些进展最近增加了我们对多种不同细胞类型的重要作用的理解。由于大量令人兴奋的研究描述了炎症细胞群在心脏再生中的新的和意想不到的作用，本综述将特别关注这些重要的微环境参与者。