The pursuit for high-efficiency energy utilization stimulates for rapid development of electrochemical storage techniques. While the energy density demand is elevated, the safety consideration has stepped onto a new height. Hence, these two aspects gain much attention in the evolution of electrochemical energy storage. Correspondingly, the electrodes and electrolytes need special design to achieve the set target. This review first collects recent progress in nanostructured electrode-electrolyte with tailored design, including specific attention on alkali metal batteries, redox flow batteries, and supercapacitors. The electrode materials along with advanced electrolytes can endow these electrochemical energy storage apparatuses with high energy or power density, long lifetime, and high safety insurance. Moreover, the particular focus is dedicated to practical concerns for these electrodes, electrolytes, and their interfaces, including the thermal behavior and charging/discharging changing of an electrode, electrolyte selection and optimization, and electrode-electrolyte interface construction. Eventually, the general guideline and direction of endeavor to break the current limitation are presented for advanced electrochemical energy storage in the future.

对高效能量利用的追求刺激了电化学存储技术的快速发展。在提高能量密度需求的同时，安全方面的考虑也迈上了新台阶。因此，这两个方面在电化学能量存储的发展中引起了很多关注。相应地，电极和电解质需要特殊设计以达到设定的目标。这篇综述首先收集了具有定制设计的纳米结构电极电解质的最新进展，包括对碱金属电池，氧化还原液流电池和超级电容器的特别关注。电极材料与先进的电解质一起可以赋予这些电化学能量存储设备高能量或功率密度，长寿命和高安全性保障。此外，特别关注这些电极，电解质及其界面的实际问题，包括电极的热行为和充/放电变化，电解质的选择和优化以及电极-电解质界面的构造。最终，提出了用于突破电流限制的一般指导方针和方向，以用于将来的先进电化学能量存储。