The amount and kinetics of intercalation and extraction of electrons and ions in electrodes is critical for high-performance Li-ion batteries (LIBs), which are rather complicated involving tight interactions of both electrochemistry and mechanics. These coupled electro-chemo-mechanical behaviors could substantially influence the number and kinetics of transferred ions and electrons and ultimately affect the performance of the entire battery system. Furthermore, the emerged surface/interface coating–engineered electrodes in both cathode and anode materials can significantly regulate the performance of batteries, while the underlying mechanism should urgently be unveiled. With the capability of resolving the structure and chemistry, advanced electron microscopy is an ideal technique for directly visualizing the interplay between electrochemistry and mechanics in both neat and modified electrode materials at atomic-to-bulk scale. This review first summaries recent progress in electron microscopy regarding electro-chemo-mechanical behaviors of both anode and cathode materials, which includes techniques of in situ/ex situ (scanning) transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, as a comparison, the electron microscopy of how surface/interface coatings regulated electrodes is further represented. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities of electron microcopy techniques are outlined for rechargeable ion batteries. An in-depth understanding of the electrochemistry-mechanics interaction in electrodes could describe the full mechanism that governs the Li-storage performance and then provide fundamental guidelines for target-oriented LIB design and optimization.

电极中电子和离子的嵌入和提取的数量和动力学对于高性能锂离子电池（LIB）至关重要，而锂离子电池非常复杂，涉及电化学和机械的紧密相互作用。这些耦合的电化学-机械行为可能会大大影响转移的离子和电子的数量和动力学，并最终影响整个电池系统的性能。此外，在阴极和阳极材料中出现的表面/界面涂层工程电极可以显着调节电池的性能，同时亟待揭示其潜在机理。具有解析结构和化学的能力，先进的电子显微镜技术是一种理想的技术，可以在原子到本体的范围内直接可视化纯净和改性电极材料中的电化学与力学之间的相互作用。这篇综述首先总结了电子显微镜在阳极和阴极材料的电化学行为方面的最新进展，其中包括原位/异位（扫描）透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜。另外，作为比较，进一步表示了如何通过电子显微镜观察表面/界面涂层如何调节电极。最后，概述了可充电离子电池的电子显微镜技术的主要挑战和机遇。对电极中电化学与机械相互作用的深入理解可以描述控制锂存储性能的完整机制，然后为面向目标的LIB设计和优化提供基本指导。