Abstract Although the solid state is typically characterised by inherent periodicity, many interesting physical and chemical properties of solids arise from a variation in this, i.e. changes in the nature of the atom occupying a particular site in a crystal structure or variation in the position of an atom (or group of atoms) in different parts of a structure, or variation as a function of time. This lack of long-range order poses significant challenges, not just for the characterisation of the structure of disordered materials, but also simply for its description. The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to the local, atomic-scale environment, without the requirement for long-range order, makes it a powerful tool for the study of disorder in the solid state. Information on the number and type(s) of coordinating atoms or through-space and through-bond connectivity between atomic species enables the construction of a detailed picture of the structure. After a brief description of the background theory of NMR spectroscopy, and the experimental methods employed, we will describe the effects of disorder on NMR spectra and the use of calculations to help interpret experimental measurements. We will then review a range of applications to different types of disordered materials, including oxides and ceramics, minerals, porous materials, biomaterials, energy materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and glasses. We will discuss the most successful approaches for studying different materials, and illustrate the type of information available and the structural insight gained.

中文翻译：

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利用核磁共振波谱研究固体中的无序

摘要 虽然固态的典型特征在于固有的周期性，但固体的许多有趣的物理和化学性质都源于这种变化，即占据晶体结构中特定位置的原子性质的变化或位置的变化。结构不同部分的原子（或原子组），或随时间变化的变化。这种缺乏长程有序性带来了重大挑战，不仅是对无序材料结构的表征，而且只是对其描述。核磁共振 (NMR) 光谱对局部原子尺度环境的敏感性，无需长程有序，使其成为研究固态无序的有力工具。有关配位原子的数量和类型或原子种类之间的空间和键连接的信息能够构建结构的详细图片。在简要描述了 NMR 光谱的背景理论和所采用的实验方法之后，我们将描述无序对 NMR 光谱的影响以及使用计算来帮助解释实验测量。然后，我们将回顾不同类型无序材料的一系列应用，包括氧化物和陶瓷、矿物质、多孔材料、生物材料、能源材料、药物、聚合物和玻璃。我们将讨论研究不同材料的最成功方法，并说明可用信息的类型和获得的结构洞察力。