Aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba (G.B) hydro-ethanolic extract against hepatotoxicity induced by combined exposure to cadmium (Cd) and fluoride (F) in Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to F (30 mg/L) + Cd (40 mg/L), F + Cd plus G.B (50,100 and 200 mg/kg), G.B (200 mg/kg), F + Cd plus Vit C(1000 mg/L) in drinking water for 42 days. Significant raise in liver enzymes and histopathological changes were observed in F + Cd treated rats. F + Cd exposure enhanced protein and glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. F and Cd combination also caused mitochondrial dysfunction, swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse in liver isolated mitochondria. Up-regulation of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-kB) and pro-apoptotic Bax as well as down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were detected after co-exposure to F and Cd. Interestingly, G.B alleviated F + Cd induced liver oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and prevented inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, decrease in serum liver enzymes and improvement of histopathologic lesions were observed in G.B treated rats. This study explored the potential beneficial role of G.B on F + Cd combined hepatotoxic effects via considering its possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial protection and anti-apoptotic effects.

这项研究的目的是调查银杏叶的功效（GB）的氢乙醇提取物可抵抗Wistar大鼠中镉（Cd）和氟化物（F）的联合暴露引起的肝毒性。使动物接触F（30 mg / L）+ Cd（40 mg / L），F + Cd加GB（50,100和200 mg / kg），GB（200 mg / kg），F + Cd加Vit C（1000毫克/升）在饮用水中放置42天。在F + Cd处理的大鼠中观察到肝酶的显着升高和组织病理学变化。F + Cd暴露增强蛋白质和谷胱甘肽氧化，脂质过氧化并降低超氧化物歧化酶活性。F和Cd的结合还导致肝脏分离的线粒体中的线粒体功能障碍，肿胀和线粒体膜电位下降。共同暴露于F和Cd后，检测​​到炎症基因（TNF-α，IL-1β和NF-kB）和凋亡前Bax的上调以及抗凋亡Bcl-2的下调。有趣的是，GB减轻了F + Cd诱导的肝氧化应激，线粒体损伤并预防了炎症和细胞凋亡。此外，在GB治疗的大鼠中观察到血清肝酶的降低和组织病理学损伤的改善。这项研究通过考虑GB对F + Cd联合肝毒性作用的潜在有益作用，考虑了其可能的抗氧化，抗炎，线粒体保护和抗凋亡作用。