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COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications.
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease ( IF 4 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-15 , DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831
Vicky Yamamoto 1, 2, 3, 4 , Joe F Bolanos 1, 2 , John Fiallos 1, 2 , Susanne E Strand 1, 2 , Kevin Morris 1, 2 , Sanam Shahrokhinia 5 , Tim R Cushing 6 , Lawrence Hopp 7 , Ambooj Tiwari 1, 8 , Robert Hariri 1, 9, 10 , Rick Sokolov 11 , Christopher Wheeler 1, 2, 12 , Ajeet Kaushik 13 , Ashraf Elsayegh 14 , Dawn Eliashiv 1, 15 , Rebecca Hedrick 16 , Behrouz Jafari 17 , J Patrick Johnson 18, 19 , Mehran Khorsandi 20 , Nestor Gonzalez 19 , Guita Balakhani 21 , Shouri Lahiri 22 , Kazem Ghavidel 23 , Marco Amaya 1, 2 , Harry Kloor 1 , Namath Hussain 1, 24 , Edmund Huang 21 , Jason Cormier 1, 25 , J Wesson Ashford 1, 26 , Jeffrey C Wang 1, 27 , Shadi Yaghobian 28 , Payman Khorrami 29 , Bahman Shamloo 30 , Charles Moon 31 , Payam Shadi 28 , Babak Kateb 1, 2, 24, 32, 33
Affiliation  

Abstract

COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients’, families’, and society’s mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University’s library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.



中文翻译:

COVID-19:从病因学到神经精神病学影响对 21 世纪大流行病的回顾。

摘要

COVID-19 是一种严重的传染病,迄今为止已夺去了超过 15 万人的生命,并感染了美国数百万人,尤其是老年人口。新的证据表明,该病毒会引起出血和免疫反应,影响所有器官,包括肺、肾、大脑以及四肢。SARS-CoV-2 还影响患者、家庭和整个社会的心理健康。越来越多的证据表明一些患者再次感染。本文的目的是对 SARS-CoV-2 引起的疾病、其感染机制、诊断、治疗和治疗策略进行全面综述,同时也关注先前研究较少关注的方面,包括营养支持、心理,以及大流行病的康复及其管理。我们对超过 1,000 篇文章进行了系统回顾,并纳入了来自在线数据库(包括 PubMed、Google Scholar 和加州浸会大学图书馆)的 425 篇参考文献。COVID-19患者会经历急性呼吸窘迫综合征、细胞因子风暴、急性高凝状态和自主神经功能障碍,必须由包括护理、营养和康复在内的多学科团队进行管理。老年人以及患有阿尔茨海默病和痴呆相关疾病的人似乎面临更高的风险。有 28 种疫苗正在开发中,新的治疗策略/方案正在研究中。COVID-19 的未来治疗应包括 B 细胞和 T 细胞免疫疗法与新兴预防措施的结合。COVID-19 的心理健康和疾病方面是这一流行病最重要的副作用之一,需要制定国家预防、诊断和治疗计划。

更新日期:2020-09-12
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