The mimicry of one species by another provides one of the most celebrated examples of evolution by natural selection. Edible Batesian mimics deceive predators into believing they may be defended, whereas defended Müllerian mimics have evolved a shared warning signal, more rapidly educating predators to avoid them. However, it may benefit hungry predators to attack defended prey, while the benefits of learning about unfamiliar prey depends on the future value of this information. Previous energetic state-dependent models of predator foraging behavior have assumed complete knowledge, while informational state-dependent models have assumed fixed levels of hunger. Here, we identify the optimal decision rules of predators accounting for both energetic and informational states. We show that the nature of mimicry is qualitatively and quantitatively affected by both sources of state dependence. Associative learning weakens the extent of parasitic mimicry by edible prey because naive predators often attack defended models. More importantly, mimicry among equally highly defended prey may be parasitic or mutualistic depending on the ecological context (e.g., the source of mimics and the abundance of alternative prey). Finally, mimicry by prey with intermediate defenses corresponds to Batesian or Müllerian mimicry depending on whether the mimic is profitable to attack by hungry predators, but it is not a special case of mimicry.

中文翻译：

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捕食者的国家依存决策及其模仿行为的后果

一个物种对另一个物种的模仿提供了自然选择进化的最著名例子之一。可食的贝茨式模仿者欺骗掠食者以为他们可能会被捍卫，而被捍卫的缪勒式模仿者则发出了共同的警告信号，从而更快地教育掠食者避免它们。但是，它可能使饥饿的捕食者受益于攻击防御中的猎物，而了解不熟悉的猎物的好处取决于此信息的未来价值。先前的掠食性动物行为依赖于能量的状态依赖模型假设了完全的知识，而信息状态依赖的模型假定了饥饿的固定水平。在这里，我们确定了考虑能量和信息状态的捕食者的最优决策规则。我们表明，模仿的性质在质量和数量上都受到国家依赖的两种来源的影响。联想学习削弱了可食猎物的寄生模仿程度，因为幼稚的掠食者经常攻击被防御的模型。更重要的是，在受到同样高度保护的猎物中，模仿行为可能是寄生的，也可能是相互依存的，具体取决于生态环境（例如，模仿物的来源和替代猎物的丰富性）。最后，具有中间防御力的猎物的模仿对应于Batesian或Müllerian模仿，这取决于该模仿是否有利于饥饿的掠食者的进攻，但这不是模仿的特殊情况。在同样高度防御的猎物中，模仿行为可能是寄生的，也可能是互惠的，具体取决于生态环境（例如，模仿的来源和替代猎物的丰富性）。最后，具有中间防御力的猎物的模仿对应于Batesian或Müllerian模仿，这取决于该模仿是否有利于饥饿的掠食者的进攻，但这不是模仿的特殊情况。在同样高度防御的猎物中，模仿行为可能是寄生的，也可能是互惠的，具体取决于生态环境（例如，模仿的来源和替代猎物的丰富性）。最后，具有中间防御力的猎物的模仿对应于Batesian或Müllerian模仿，这取决于该模仿是否有利于饥饿的掠食者的进攻，但这不是模仿的特殊情况。