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Frost Quakes: Crack Formation by Thermal Stress
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 , DOI: 10.1029/2020jf005616 J. Okkonen 1 , R. M. Neupauer 2 , E. Kozlovskaya 1 , N. Afonin 1 , K. Moisio 1 , K. Taewook 3 , E. Muurinen 3
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 , DOI: 10.1029/2020jf005616 J. Okkonen 1 , R. M. Neupauer 2 , E. Kozlovskaya 1 , N. Afonin 1 , K. Moisio 1 , K. Taewook 3 , E. Muurinen 3
Affiliation
Fractures in frozen soils (frost quakes) can cause damage to buildings and other infrastructure, but their formation mechanisms remain poorly understood. A methodology was developed to assess thermal stress on soil due to changes in climate and weather conditions and to investigate the connection between thermal stress and frost quakes in central Finland due to brittle fracturing in uppermost soils. A hydrological model was used to simulate snow accumulation and melt, and a soil temperature model was used to simulate soil temperature at different depths beneath the snow pack. The results of modeling, together with measurements of air temperature, snow cover thickness, and soil temperature, were used to calculate temporal variations in thermal stress in soil. We show that frost quakes occur when thermal stress caused by a rapid decrease in temperature exceeds fracture toughness and strength of the soil‐ice mixture. We compared calculated thermal stress on soil, critical stress intensity factor, and a seismogram recorded in a suburban region in central Finland. Our results suggest that this methodology can be used to predict thermal stresses on soil and identify stress values that may lead to fractures of frozen soils, that is, frost quakes.
中文翻译:
弗罗斯特地震:热应力导致的裂缝形成
冻土中的裂缝(霜冻地震)可能会损坏建筑物和其他基础设施,但其形成机理仍知之甚少。开发了一种方法来评估气候和天气条件变化导致的土壤热应力,并研究芬兰中部由于最上层土壤的脆性破裂而造成的热应力与霜冻地震之间的联系。水文模型用于模拟积雪和融雪,土壤温度模型用于模拟积雪下方不同深度的土壤温度。建模结果,以及空气温度,积雪厚度和土壤温度的测量结果,用于计算土壤中热应力的时间变化。我们表明,当温度快速下降引起的热应力超过土壤冰混合物的断裂韧性和强度时,就会发生霜冻地震。我们比较了计算出的土壤热应力,临界应力强度因子和芬兰中部郊区记录的地震图。我们的结果表明,该方法可用于预测土壤的热应力并确定可能导致冻土破裂(即霜冻地震)的应力值。
更新日期:2020-09-20
中文翻译:
弗罗斯特地震:热应力导致的裂缝形成
冻土中的裂缝(霜冻地震)可能会损坏建筑物和其他基础设施,但其形成机理仍知之甚少。开发了一种方法来评估气候和天气条件变化导致的土壤热应力,并研究芬兰中部由于最上层土壤的脆性破裂而造成的热应力与霜冻地震之间的联系。水文模型用于模拟积雪和融雪,土壤温度模型用于模拟积雪下方不同深度的土壤温度。建模结果,以及空气温度,积雪厚度和土壤温度的测量结果,用于计算土壤中热应力的时间变化。我们表明,当温度快速下降引起的热应力超过土壤冰混合物的断裂韧性和强度时,就会发生霜冻地震。我们比较了计算出的土壤热应力,临界应力强度因子和芬兰中部郊区记录的地震图。我们的结果表明,该方法可用于预测土壤的热应力并确定可能导致冻土破裂(即霜冻地震)的应力值。