Abstract The Middle Pennsylvanian Herrin and Springfield coals contain the majority of the Illinois basin’s resources. Many mining issues of these two seams are directly related to the geology of the region, including regional stress, faulting, and facies changes. Some of these conditions are widespread, while others are locally restricted. The long history of mining in these seams has been associated with many difficulties and hard-learned lessons related to mining geology especially concerning aspects of coal quality and roof geology along paleochannels, moisture-sensitivity in shales, fractures and “slips” in shales, floor heave, lateral stresses, clay dikes (veins), and coal balls. Both seams occur within classic “cyclothems,” resulting from sequences of deposition between lowstand and highstand deposition. Transgressive, marine black shales and limestones blanket the coals across much of the basin, except near syndepositional channels where wedges of gray silty shale and interbedded shale and sandstone intervene between the coal and transgressive shale. Differences in the thickness, chemistry and strength of various shales in each sequence influence coal quality and roof conditions in underground mines. Associations of mining geology issues not specifically related to tectonics and horizontal stress, are (1) syndepositional channel and channel margin conditions, (2) post-depositional channels, (3) gray-shale wedge margins, and (4) marine shale roofs; especially where limestones thicken. Many of these features are similar to both seams, while others are more common in the Herrin, than Springfield Coal. Similar conditions occur above other coal beds in the Illinois Basin, as well as coal-bearing strata in other basins. Herein we review horizontal stress, fractures, coal quality, partings, coal balls, clay dikes (veins), dips and swales, floor heave, moisture sensitivity in shales, shale rolls, limestone bosses and cutouts, paleochannels and cutouts, stackrock conditions, paleoslumps, coal riders, kettlebottoms, and concretions in the roof. Hopefully, this summary will be useful for understanding seams with similar geology, but with less research on mining geology or shorter mining histories.

中文翻译：

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伊利诺伊盆地主要资源煤的开采地质

摘要 宾夕法尼亚州中部 Herrin 和 Springfield 煤层包含伊利诺伊州盆地的大部分资源。这两个煤层的许多开采问题都与该地区的地质直接相关，包括区域应力、断层和相变。其中一些情况很普遍，而另一些则在当地受到限制。在这些煤层中开采的悠久历史与许多困难和与采矿地质相关的艰苦经验教训有关，特别是关于煤质和沿古河道的顶板地质、页岩中的水分敏感性、页岩中的裂缝和“滑移”、底板隆起、侧向应力、粘土岩脉（脉）和煤球。两个煤层都出现在经典的“旋回线”内，这是由低位和高位沉积之间的沉积序列造成的。越界，海相黑色页岩和石灰岩覆盖了盆地大部分地区的煤层，除了在同沉积河道附近，灰色粉质页岩和互层页岩和砂岩的楔形介于煤层和海侵页岩之间。每个层序中各种页岩的厚度、化学成分和强度的差异会影响地下矿井的煤质和顶板条件。与构造和水平应力无关的采矿地质问题的关联是 (1) 同沉积河道和河道边缘条件，(2) 沉积后河道，(3) 灰页岩楔形边缘，以及 (4) 海相页岩顶板；尤其是在石灰岩变厚的地方。其中许多特征与两个煤层相似，而其他特征在 Herrin 中比 Springfield Coal 更常见。伊利诺伊州盆地的其他煤层上方以及其他盆地的含煤地层也存在类似情况。在此，我们回顾了水平应力、裂缝、煤质、分缝、煤球、粘土岩脉（脉）、倾角和洼地、底鼓、页岩中的湿度敏感性、页岩卷、石灰岩凸起和切口、古河道和切口、堆岩条件、古塌陷、煤球、壶底和屋顶的结核。希望这个总结有助于理解具有相似地质的煤层，但对采矿地质或较短的采矿历史的研究较少。石灰岩凸台和切口、古河道和切口、堆岩条件、古塌陷、煤层、壶底和屋顶的结核。希望这个总结有助于理解具有相似地质的煤层，但对采矿地质或较短的采矿历史的研究较少。石灰岩凸台和切口、古河道和切口、堆岩条件、古塌陷、煤层、壶底和屋顶的结核。希望这个总结有助于理解具有相似地质的煤层，但对采矿地质或较短的采矿历史的研究较少。