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Reconstructing oxygen deficiency in the glacial Gulf of Alaska: Combining biomarkers and trace metals as paleo-redox proxies
Chemical Geology ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119864
Mark Zindorf , Darci Rush , John Jaeger , Alan Mix , Michelle L. Penkrot , Bernhard Schnetger , Frances R. Sidgwick , Helen M. Talbot , Cees van der Land , Thomas Wagner , Maureen Walczak , Christian März

Abstract Marine anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) plays a central role in the nitrogen cycle of modern Oxygen Deficient Zones (ODZs). The newly developed bacteriohopanetetrol stereoisomer (BHT-x) biomarker for anammox, which is largely unaffected by early diagenesis, allows for the reconstruction of the presence and dynamics of past ODZs from the sedimentary record of continental margins. In this study, we investigate the development and dynamics of the ODZ in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) between 60 and 15 cal ka BP using records of redox sensitive trace metals (TM) and the BHT-x anammox biomarker from IODP Site U1419 (~700 m water depth). The biomarker record indicates that the ODZ in the GOA was in concert with global climate fluctuations in the late Pleistocene. Anammox was more pronounced during warmer periods and diminished during cooler periods, as indicated by correlation with the δ18O signal obtained by the North Greenland Ice core Project (NGRIP). Trace metal enrichments, however, do not match the trend in BHT-x. Systematic metal enrichments in intervals where biomarkers point to more intense water column deoxygenation are not observed. We suggest that this proxy discrepancy was caused by environmental factors, other than water column redox conditions, with opposing effects on the TM and biomarker records. Two of the most widely used redox indicators, Mo and U, are not significantly enriched throughout the sediment record at Site U1419. Site U1419 experienced some of the highest sedimentation rates (100–1000 cm ka−1) ever reported for late Pleistocene continental margin sediments, leading to a continuous and rapid upward migration of the sediment-water interface. We suggest that despite water column and seafloor oxygen depletion, significant sedimentary enrichments of these redox sensitive trace metals were prevented by a limited time for their diffusion across the sediment-water interface and subsequent enrichment as authigenic phases. Thus, depositional conditions were ideal for biomarker preservation but prevented significant authigenic trace metal accumulations. Similar discrepancies between organic and inorganic redox proxies could exist in other high sedimentation rate environments, potentially putting constraints on paleo-redox interpretations in such settings if they are based on trace metal enrichments alone.

中文翻译:

重建阿拉斯加冰川湾缺氧:结合生物标志物和痕量金属作为古氧化还原代理

摘要 铵(anammox)的海洋厌氧氧化在现代缺氧区(ODZ)的氮循环中起着核心作用。新开发的厌氧氨氧化的细菌hopanetetrol立体异构体(BHT-x)生物标志物在很大程度上不受早期成岩作用的影响,允许从大陆边缘的沉积记录重建过去ODZ的存在和动态。在这项研究中,我们使用来自 IODP 站点 U1419 的氧化还原敏感痕量金属 (TM) 和 BHT-x 厌氧氨氧化生物标志物的记录,研究了阿拉斯加湾 (GOA) ODZ 在 60 到 15 cal ka BP 之间的发展和动态。 ~700 m 水深)。生物标志物记录表明,GOA 中的 ODZ 与晚更新世的全球气候波动一致。厌氧氨氧化在温暖时期更加明显,在凉爽时期减少,正如与北格陵兰冰芯项目 (NGRIP) 获得的 δ18O 信号的相关性所表明的。然而,痕量金属富集与 BHT-x 的趋势不符。没有观察到生物标志物指向更强烈的水柱脱氧的间隔中的系统金属富集。我们认为这种代理差异是由环境因素引起的,而不是水柱氧化还原条件,对 TM 和生物标志物记录具有相反的影响。两种最广泛使用的氧化还原指示剂 Mo 和 U 在 U1419 站点的整个沉积物记录中并未显着富集。站点 U1419 经历了一些最高的沉积速率(100-1000 cm ka-1),用于晚更新世大陆边缘沉积物,导致沉积物-水界面连续快速向上迁移。我们认为,尽管水柱和海底氧气耗尽,但这些氧化还原敏感的痕量金属在有限的时间内扩散到沉积物 - 水界面并随后作为自生相富集,从而阻止了它们的显着沉积富集。因此,沉积条件是生物标志物保存的理想选择,但会阻止显着的自生痕量金属积累。有机和无机氧化还原代理之间的类似差异可能存在于其他高沉降速率环境中,如果它们仅基于痕量金属富集,则可能会限制此类环境中的古氧化还原解释。我们认为,尽管水柱和海底氧气耗尽,但这些氧化还原敏感的痕量金属在有限的时间内扩散到沉积物 - 水界面并随后作为自生相富集,从而阻止了它们的显着沉积富集。因此,沉积条件是生物标志物保存的理想选择,但会阻止显着的自生痕量金属积累。有机和无机氧化还原代理之间的类似差异可能存在于其他高沉降速率环境中,如果它们仅基于痕量金属富集,则可能会限制此类环境中的古氧化还原解释。我们认为,尽管水柱和海底氧气耗尽,但这些氧化还原敏感的痕量金属在有限的时间内扩散到沉积物 - 水界面并随后作为自生相富集,从而阻止了它们的显着沉积富集。因此,沉积条件是生物标志物保存的理想选择,但会阻止显着的自生痕量金属积累。有机和无机氧化还原代理之间的类似差异可能存在于其他高沉降速率环境中,如果它们仅基于痕量金属富集,则可能会限制此类环境中的古氧化还原解释。这些氧化还原敏感的痕量金属在有限的时间内扩散到沉积物-水界面,随后作为自生相富集,从而阻止了这些对氧化还原敏感的痕量金属的显着沉积富集。因此,沉积条件是生物标志物保存的理想选择,但会阻止显着的自生痕量金属积累。有机和无机氧化还原代理之间的类似差异可能存在于其他高沉降速率环境中,如果它们仅基于痕量金属富集,则可能会限制此类环境中的古氧化还原解释。这些氧化还原敏感的痕量金属在有限的时间内扩散到沉积物-水界面,随后作为自生相富集,从而阻止了这些对氧化还原敏感的痕量金属的显着沉积富集。因此,沉积条件是生物标志物保存的理想选择,但会阻止显着的自生痕量金属积累。有机和无机氧化还原代理之间的类似差异可能存在于其他高沉降速率环境中,如果它们仅基于痕量金属富集,则可能会限制此类环境中的古氧化还原解释。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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