Abstract Hypervelocity collisions are predicted to be the dominant space debris source in the mid-term future, when a critical spatial density of satellites is reached. The NASA Standard Satellite Breakup Model (SSBM) has been adopted by major space agencies for characterizing hypervelocity spacecraft breakups for debris environment modeling. The SSBM is an empirical model based on data from ground tests and observations of on-orbit events. We propose to enhance this database by numerical simulations including a wide range of collision conditions and complex spacecraft models. We established the software tool PHILOS-SOPHIA for systematically studying the effects of on-orbit hypervelocity collisions. A particular focus was laid on the breakup criteria of the SSBM, which defines an energy-to-mass-ratio of 40 J/g being the collision condition for catastrophic fragmentations. We simulated six different scenarios of a complex spacecraft colliding with a small satellite. In the detailed fragmentation analysis, we find both good agreements and clear deviations between the hydrocode results and the SSBM predictions. Particularly, the collision geometry strongly influences the fragmentation damage and the area-to-mass distributions. Depending on the collision vector, impacts on the outer parts of a spacecraft may result in both higher and lower fragmentation in comparison with impacts on the center of mass. The simple breakup criteria does not reflect this complexity and we recommend performing more research. Numerical simulations, thoroughly backed by advanced experiments, can make a significant contribution to improve the accuracy of breakup models.

中文翻译：

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IAC-19-A6.2.1 标准灾难性破裂标准的数值研究

摘要 当卫星达到临界空间密度时，预计超高速碰撞将成为中期未来空间碎片的主要来源。NASA 标准卫星解体模型 (SSBM) 已被主要航天机构用于表征超高速航天器解体以进行碎片环境建模。SSBM 是一种基于地面测试数据和在轨事件观测数据的经验模型。我们建议通过数值模拟来增强该数据库，包括各种碰撞条件和复杂的航天器模型。我们建立了软件工具 PHILOS-SOPHIA，用于系统地研究在轨超高速碰撞的影响。特别关注 SSBM 的解体标准，它定义了 40 J/g 的能量质量比是灾难性碎片的碰撞条件。我们模拟了复杂航天器与小型卫星相撞的六种不同场景。在详细的碎片分析中，我们发现水码结果与 SSBM 预测之间既有良好的一致性，也有明显的偏差。特别是，碰撞几何形状强烈影响破碎损伤和面积质量分布。根据碰撞向量，与对质心的影响相比，对航天器外部的影响可能会导致更高和更低的碎片化。简单的分手标准并不能反映这种复杂性，我们建议进行更多研究。数值模拟，完全由先进的实验支持，