ABSTRACT In this study, local mineral (silica sand) obtained from Hazara division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan was fabricated into soda-lime silicate glass. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentration in the range of 1-3 wt% was added as a nucleating agent to investigate its effect on crystallization phase, density, hardness, thermal expansion coefficient (α), glass transition temperature (Tg), micro hardness and optical bandgap of soda-lime silicate glass. XRD analysis revealed the formation of different crystalline phases such as cristobalite (SiO2), wollastonite (CaSiO2), and rutile (unrefined TiO2, often with iron, F3+) at different processing temperatures. The coefficient of thermal expansion and the optical gap energies varied from 72.5×10–7/K to 77×10–7/K and 3.71-3.93 eV with TiO2 concentration, respectively. The mechanical properties were also in good agreement with those of commercially used glass-ceramics. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

中文翻译：

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TiO2 掺杂的硅酸钠微晶玻璃的热学、机械和光学性能

摘要 在这项研究中，从巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省哈扎拉分部获得的当地矿物（硅砂）被制成钠钙硅酸盐玻璃。添加浓度为 1-3 wt% 的二氧化钛 (TiO2) 作为成核剂，以研究其对结晶相、密度、硬度、热膨胀系数 (α)、玻璃化转变温度 (Tg)、显微硬度和钠钙硅酸盐玻璃的光学带隙。XRD 分析揭示了在不同的加工温度下形成了不同的结晶相，例如方石英 (SiO2)、硅灰石 (CaSiO2) 和金红石（未精制的 TiO2，通常与铁、F3+）。热膨胀系数和光隙能量随 TiO2 浓度的变化分别从 72.5×10-7/K 到 77×10-7/K 和 3.71-3.93 eV。机械性能也与商业使用的玻璃陶瓷的机械性能非常一致。图形概要