Abstract Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are useful because of their unique physicochemical properties. The wide application of nano-TiO2 has raised concerns regarding its potential threat to organisms and the environment. Therefore, the production and application of nano-TiO2 in the global market is summarized in this paper. This review presents the adverse effects of nano-TiO2 in vivo, including potential exposure routes such as transdermal, oral and inhalative exposure, risk evaluation of nanotoxicity in vitro using bacteria, microorganisms, cells and biological molecules), physicochemical characterization of nano-TiO2 regarding crystal structure, size, shape, surface characteristics and coatings, and the mechanisms of toxicity of nano-TiO2 based on environmentally relevant test species and cells. This review aims to fill deficiencies in toxicological research and to facilitate the assessment of the environmental risks by nano-TiO2 which is conducive to designing safer nanoproducts in our daily life. Highlights Presented the possible human health hazards related to nano-TiO2 exposure. Identified the current research deficiencies in this area. Summarized the underlying toxicity mechanisms. Summarized the compound toxicity of NPs.

中文翻译：

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重要的工程纳米材料二氧化钛纳米粒子的生态毒理学

摘要 二氧化钛纳米颗粒 (nano-TiO2) 由于其独特的物理化学性质而非常有用。纳米二氧化钛的广泛应用引起了人们对其对生物体和环境的潜在威胁的担忧。因此，本文总结了纳米TiO2在全球市场的生产和应用情况。本综述介绍了纳米 TiO2 在体内的不利影响，包括潜在的暴露途径，如透皮、口服和吸入暴露，使用细菌、微生物、细胞和生物分子进行体外纳米毒性的风险评估），纳米 TiO2 的物理化学表征晶体结构、尺寸、形状、表面特征和涂层，以及基于环境相关测试物种和细胞的纳米 TiO2 的毒性机制。本综述旨在弥补毒理学研究中的不足，促进纳米二氧化钛对环境风险的评估，有助于在我们的日常生活中设计更安全的纳米产品。亮点 介绍了与纳米二氧化钛暴露相关的可能的人类健康危害。指出目前该领域的研究不足。总结了潜在的毒性机制。总结了NPs的复合毒性。