Immune response is evolutionary costly, but it is not clear whether these costs affect energetic expenditure (short-term cost), growth (medium-term cost), or reproduction (long-term cost). We tested the costs of immune memory in Tenebrio molitor against Metarhizium brunneum. To do this, we used two groups of T. molitor larvae: (a) the control group, which was injected first with Tween solution and 10 days later with M. brunneum and (b) the memory group, which was first injected with M. brunneum and 10 days later with M. brunneum. Compared to controls, larvae of the memory group were more likely to survive, but they also had an increased metabolic rate (CO₂ production), spent a long time before becoming pupae, and had a shorter time from pupae to adulthood. In the adult stage, control females preferred control males, but there was no significant difference in the preference of memory females. Finally, control and memory males preferred control females. These results confirm that immune memory has costs in terms of energetic expenditure, growth, and reproduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that immune memory in larvae is traded-off with adult sexual selection involving mate choice.

中文翻译：

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世代相传的免疫记忆成本

免疫反应的进化成本很高，但是尚不清楚这些成本是否会影响精力充沛的支出（短期成本），增长（中期成本）或繁殖（长期成本）。我们测试了黄粉虫对布鲁氏杆菌的免疫记忆成本。为此，我们使用了两组白粉虱幼虫：（a）对照组，首先注射Tween溶液； 10天后注射布鲁氏杆菌；（b）记忆组，首先注射Mween 。brunneum和10天后与M. brunneum。与对照组相比，记忆组的幼虫更可能存活，但它们的代谢率也更高（CO ₂生产），花了很长时间才成为p，从from到成年的时间较短。在成年阶段，对照女性更喜欢对照男性，但是记忆女性的偏好没有显着差异。最后，控制和记忆男性更喜欢控制女性。这些结果证实免疫记忆在能量消耗，生长和繁殖方面具有成本。据我们所知，这是第一个实验证明，幼虫的免疫记忆可与涉及伴侣选择的成年性选择权衡。