Heavy metal contamination is one of the major concerns in today's world. Trace elements like arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are released from natural and anthropogenic activities and considered highly hazardous. Therefore, the continuous monitoring, detection, and remediation of heavy metals in groundwater and soil are of utmost importance. In this article, the detection technologies available together with their working principles and the remediation processes that are used until today are presented. The basic abatement technologies used fall into 3 categories: chemical, biological, and physico‐chemical. General approaches like isolation, immobilization, toxicity reduction, physical separation, and extraction can also be used for remediation of heavy metals. For large scale operations, chemical treatment technologies have proven to be the best option. Physico‐chemical treatment technologies can exclude all the possibilities of auxiliary toxic effects that may be produced by the treating chemical agents, hence, approaching a green remediation process.

中文翻译：

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重金属的检测与减毒研究进展

重金属污染是当今世界关注的主要问题之一。微量元素，例如砷，镉，铬，铜，铅，汞，镍和锌，是从自然和人为活动中释放出来的，被认为具有很高的危害性。因此，持续监测，检测和修复地下水和土壤中的重金属至关重要。在本文中，将介绍直到今天为止可用的检测技术及其工作原理和修复过程。所使用的基本减排技术可分为三类：化学，生物和物理化学。分离，固定化，降低毒性，物理分离和萃取等一般方法也可以用于重金属的修复。对于大规模运营，化学处理技术已被证明是最佳选择。理化处理技术可以排除化学处理剂可能产生的所有辅助毒性作用的可能性，因此，正在接近绿色修复过程。