Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with atomic dispersion and coordinated unsaturated active sites have sparked gigantic attention, focusing on high activity, selectivity, atom utilization, and a unique metal–support coordination environment. However, isolated single atoms possess high surface free energy, especially under harsh reaction conditions, and tend to migrate and agglomerate into clusters or nanoparticles in an elusive manner. Herein, we have integrated different types of N-doped carbon (N-C) materials as Lewis base sites to anchor dispersed metal atoms. The lone pairs of electrons donated by N-rich materials effectively resist metal sintering. The matrix includes organic compounds, MOFs, N-doped graphene, g-C₃N₄, and biomass. Furthermore, we also emphasized the application of N-C material-based SACs in ORR, OER, HER, organic reactions, and CO₂RR. Beneficially, these establish a definitive correlation between construction strategy and catalytic performance. Finally, we review the staged challenges and development opportunities confronted by SACs and pave the way for balancing the electronic structure and catalytic properties of SACs supported on derived N-C materials.

中文翻译：

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固定在N掺杂碳材料上的孤立单原子，是电化学和有机反应的高效催化剂

具有原子分散和协调的不饱和活性位点的单原子催化剂（SAC）引起了巨大的关注，重点在于高活性，选择性，原子利用率以及独特的金属-载体配位环境。但是，孤立的单个原子具有很高的表面自由能，尤其是在苛刻的反应条件下，并且倾向于以难以捉摸的方式迁移和聚集成团簇或纳米颗粒。在本文中，我们集成了不同类型的N掺杂碳（NC）材料作为路易斯碱位，以锚定分散的金属原子。富氮材料捐赠的孤对电子有效地抵抗了金属烧结。基体包括有机化合物，MOF，N掺杂石墨烯，gC ₃ N ₄和生物质。此外，我们还强调了基于NC材料的SAC在ORR，OER，HER，有机反应和CO ₂ RR中的应用。有利地，这些在构造策略和催化性能之间建立了确定的关联。最后，我们回顾了SAC面临的分阶段挑战和发展机遇，并为平衡衍生于NC材料上的SAC的电子结构和催化性能铺平了道路。