Certification of quantum systems and operations is a central task in quantum information processing. Most current schemes rely on a tomography with fully characterized devices, while this may not be met in real experiments. Device characterizations can be removed with device-independent tests, but it is technically challenging at the moment. In this paper, we investigate the problem of certifying entangled states and measurements via semiquantum games, a type of nonlocal quantum games with well characterized quantum inputs, balancing practicality and device independence. We first design a specific bounded-dimensional semiquantum game, with which any pure entangled state and Bell state measurement operators can be simultaneously certified. Afterward via a duality treatment of state and measurement, we interpret the dual form of this game as a source-independent bounded-dimensional entanglement swapping protocol and show the whole process, including any entangled projector and Bell states, can be certified with this protocol. In particular, our results do not require a complete Bell state measurement, which is beneficial for experiments and practical use.

中文翻译：

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有限维半量子博弈中纠缠态和测量的同时证明

量子系统和操作的认证是量子信息处理中的核心任务。当前的大多数方案都依赖于具有完整特征的设备的层析成像，而这在实际实验中可能无法满足。可以通过与设备无关的测试删除设备特征，但是目前在技术上存在挑战。在本文中，我们研究了通过半量子博弈证明纠缠态和测量的问题，半量子博弈是一种具有良好特征的量子输入，平衡了实用性和设备独立性的非局域量子博弈。我们首先设计一个特定的有界维半量子博弈，利用该博弈可以同时验证任何纯纠缠态和贝尔状态测量算子。之后，通过状态和测量的双重性处理，我们将此游戏的双重形式解释为与源无关的有界纠缠交换协议，并展示了整个过程，包括任何纠结的投影仪和贝尔状态，都可以通过该协议进行认证。特别是，我们的结果不需要完整的贝尔状态测量，这对于实验和实际使用是有益的。