The nuclear export of cellular mRNAs is a complex process that requires the orchestrated participation of many proteins that are recruited during the early steps of mRNA synthesis and processing. This strategy allows the cell to guarantee the conformity of the messengers accessing the cytoplasm and the translation machinery. Most transcripts are exported by the exportin dimer Nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1)–NTF2-related export protein 1 (NXT1) and the transcription–export complex 1 (TREX1). Some mRNAs that do not possess all the common messenger characteristics use either variants of the NXF1–NXT1 pathway or CRM1, a different exportin. Viruses whose mRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus (retroviruses, the vast majority of DNA viruses, and influenza viruses) exploit both these cellular export pathways. Viral mRNAs hijack the cellular export machinery via complex secondary structures recognized by cellular export factors and/or viral adapter proteins. This way, the viral transcripts succeed in escaping the host surveillance system and are efficiently exported for translation, allowing the infectious cycle to proceed. This review gives an overview of the cellular mRNA nuclear export mechanisms and presents detailed insights into the most important strategies that viruses use to export the different forms of their RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

中文翻译：

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多样性的优势：病毒 RNA 的核输出。

细胞 mRNA 的核输出是一个复杂的过程，需要在 mRNA 合成和加工的早期步骤中招募的许多蛋白质的精心参与。这种策略允许细胞保证进入细胞质和翻译机器的信使的一致性。大多数转录物由输出二聚体核 RNA 输出因子 1 (NXF1)-NTF2 相关输出蛋白 1 (NXT1) 和转录输出复合物 1 (TREX1) 输出。一些不具备所有常见信使特征的 mRNA 使用 NXF1-NXT1 途径的变体或 CRM1（一种不同的输出蛋白）。mRNA 在细胞核中合成的病毒（逆转录病毒、绝大多数 DNA 病毒和流感病毒）利用这两种细胞输出途径。病毒 mRNA 通过细胞输出因子和/或病毒接头蛋白识别的复杂二级结构劫持细胞输出机制。通过这种方式，病毒转录本可以成功逃离宿主监视系统，并有效地导出进行翻译，从而使感染循环继续进行。这篇综述概述了细胞 mRNA 核输出机制，并详细介绍了病毒用于将不同形式的 RNA 从细胞核输出到细胞质的最重要策略。