ABSTRACT

Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved, resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on experimental and computational modeling approaches are reviewed in this paper, focusing on adjustable variables and flow details, for a thorough understanding of the complex flow phenomena of the high-temperature reactors used. Results from water models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations indicate that the transport phenomena in different reactors should be analyzed separately, as flow behavior exhibits significant differences in different gas injecting regimes and furnace structures. Mixing behavior and further optimization for most furnaces are presented in this review, showing a considerable degree of agreement between experiments and computational simulations. In general, a deeper nozzle or tuyere level with a higher gas flow rate are factors in the majority of copper bath smelting and converting cases. However, the dynamic parameters cannot be infinitely increased, but should be maintained within an appropriate range to provide relatively high mixing efficiency while preventing refractory corrosion due to splashing. Research on detailed flow phenomena including bubbles and surface waves is relatively scarce. It is suggested that the most efficient reaction areas for furnaces in jetting and bubbling regimes are totally different, due to the differences in bubble behavior. Concerning the bath surface, the behavior of transversal standing waves and longitudinal waves has been preliminarily revealed using water models, suggesting that standing waves tend to disappear in particular ranges of bath height and gas flow rate.

摘要

铜生产的浴液冶炼和转换技术得到改进，生产效率更高，污染排放更少。本文回顾了有关实验和计算建模方法的报告研究，重点关注可调变量和流动细节，以全面了解所用高温反应器的复杂流动现象。水模型和计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟的结果表明，不同反应器中的传输现象应单独分析，因为流动行为在不同的气体注入方式和熔炉结构中表现出显着差异。本综述介绍了大多数熔炉的混合行为和进一步优化，显示实验和计算模拟之间相当程度的一致性。一般来说，较深的喷嘴或风口水平和较高的气体流速是大多数铜浴熔炼和转换案例的因素。但是，动态参数不能无限增加，而应保持在适当的范围内，以提供相对较高的混合效率，同时防止因飞溅引起的耐火材料腐蚀。对包括气泡和表面波在内的详细流动现象的研究相对较少。建议由于气泡行为的差异，喷射和起泡状态下熔炉的最有效反应区域完全不同。关于浴缸表面，