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Parasitoids indicate major climate-induced shifts in arctic communities.
Global Change Biology ( IF 11.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 , DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15297
Tuomas Kankaanpää 1 , Eero Vesterinen 1, 2, 3 , Bess Hardwick 1 , Niels M Schmidt 4, 5 , Tommi Andersson 6 , Paul E Aspholm 7 , Isabel C Barrio 8 , Niklas Beckers 9 , Joël Bêty 10, 11 , Tone Birkemoe 12 , Melissa DeSiervo 13 , Katherine H I Drotos 14 , Dorothee Ehrich 15 , Olivier Gilg 16, 17 , Vladimir Gilg 17 , Nils Hein 9 , Toke T Høye 4, 5 , Kristian M Jakobsen 4, 5 , Camille Jodouin 14 , Jesse Jorna 18 , Mikhail V Kozlov 19 , Jean-Claude Kresse 4, 5 , Don-Jean Leandri-Breton 11 , Nicolas Lecomte 20, 21 , Maarten Loonen 18 , Philipp Marr 9 , Spencer K Monckton 14 , Maia Olsen 22 , Josée-Anne Otis 20 , Michelle Pyle 14 , Ruben E Roos 12 , Katrine Raundrup 22 , Daria Rozhkova 23 , Brigitte Sabard 17 , Aleksandr Sokolov 24 , Natalia Sokolova 24 , Anna M Solecki 14 , Christine Urbanowicz 13 , Catherine Villeneuve 11 , Evgenya Vyguzova 23 , Vitali Zverev 19 , Tomas Roslin 1, 3
Affiliation  

Climatic impacts are especially pronounced in the Arctic, which as a region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe. Here, we investigate how mean climatic conditions and rates of climatic change impact parasitoid insect communities in 16 localities across the Arctic. We focus on parasitoids in a widespread habitat, Dryas heathlands, and describe parasitoid community composition in terms of larval host use (i.e., parasitoid use of herbivorous Lepidoptera vs. pollinating Diptera) and functional groups differing in their closeness of host associations (koinobionts vs. idiobionts). Of the latter, we expect idiobionts—as being less fine‐tuned to host development—to be generally less tolerant to cold temperatures, since they are confined to attacking hosts pupating and overwintering in relatively exposed locations. To further test our findings, we assess whether similar climatic variables are associated with host abundances in a 22 year time series from Northeast Greenland. We find sites which have experienced a temperature rise in summer while retaining cold winters to be dominated by parasitoids of Lepidoptera, with the reverse being true for the parasitoids of Diptera. The rate of summer temperature rise is further associated with higher levels of herbivory, suggesting higher availability of lepidopteran hosts and changes in ecosystem functioning. We also detect a matching signal over time, as higher summer temperatures, coupled with cold early winter soils, are related to high herbivory by lepidopteran larvae, and to declines in the abundance of dipteran pollinators. Collectively, our results suggest that in parts of the warming Arctic, Dryas is being simultaneously exposed to increased herbivory and reduced pollination. Our findings point to potential drastic and rapid consequences of climate change on multitrophic‐level community structure and on ecosystem functioning and highlight the value of collaborative, systematic sampling effort.

中文翻译:

寄生蜂表明北极社区因气候引起的重大变化。

北极地区的气候影响尤其明显,该地区的变暖速度是全球其他地区的两倍。在这里,我们调查了平均气候条件和气候变化率如何影响北极 16 个地区的寄生昆虫群落。我们专注于广泛栖息地Dryas中的寄生蜂荒地,并根据幼虫宿主的使用(即寄生蜂使用草食性鳞翅目与授粉双翅目)和在宿主关联紧密度方面不同的功能组(koinobionts 与 idiobionts)来描述寄生蜂群落组成。在后者中,我们预计 idiobionts - 由于对宿主发育的微调较少 - 通常对低温的耐受性较差,因为它们仅限于攻击在相对暴露的位置化蛹和越冬的宿主。为了进一步检验我们的发现,我们评估了类似的气候变量是否与格陵兰东北部 22 年时间序列中的宿主丰度有关。我们发现在夏季气温升高而冬季保持寒冷的地点以鳞翅目寄生蜂为主,双翅目寄生蜂的情况正好相反。夏季气温升高的速度与更高水平的食草动物进一步相关,表明鳞翅目宿主的可用性更高以及生态系统功能的变化。随着时间的推移,我们还检测到一个匹配的信号,因为较高的夏季温度,加上寒冷的初冬土壤,与鳞翅目幼虫的高草食性以及双翅目传粉者数量的下降有关。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,在北极变暖的部分地区,与鳞翅目幼虫的高食草性有关,并与双翅目传粉者的丰度下降有关。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,在北极变暖的部分地区,与鳞翅目幼虫的高食草性有关,并与双翅目传粉者的丰度下降有关。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,在北极变暖的部分地区,Dryas同时受到食草动物增加和授粉减少的影响。我们的研究结果指出了气候变化对多营养级群落结构和生态系统功能的潜在剧烈和快速影响,并强调了协作、系统采样工作的价值。
更新日期:2020-10-19
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