Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) seeds were exploited as possible nonedible feedstock for the synthesis of liquid biofuels, namely, biodiesel and bio‐oil via alkali–alcoholysis and pyrolysis routes, respectively. The alkali–alcoholysis reaction of mandarin seed oil with an equivalent mixture of methanol–ethanol alcohols was examined and optimized by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best experimental yield of biodiesel (95.55 ± 1.55 wt.%) was comparable with the predicted yield (95.0 wt.%). Also, analysis by one‐way ANOVA showed that the selected variables were statistically significant. The 1H NMR spectroscopy asserted the transformation of the oil to biodiesel. Also, the evaluated properties of the biodiesel were in the range given by ASTM D6751 standards. The mandarin citrus seeds have also subjected to the thermal pyrolysis process in a fixed‐bed reactor to obtain bio‐oil and bio‐char. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature, time, feed particle size, and heating rate on the bio‐oil yield was optimized. The highest yield of bio‐oil (52.34 ± 1.25 wt.%) was attained at 475°C for 60 min using 70 mesh particle size of the feed with a heating rate of 20°C/min. The bio‐oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR spectroscopy, and ultimate analysis. The bio‐oil derived from MCS has an empirical formula of CH1.88 O0.16 N0.012 S0.0005 with 37.96 MJ/kg of heating value. The elevated carbon level, low oxygen content, and high calorific value (25.45 MJ/kg) of the attained bio‐char suggest its suitability as a solid fuel. Also, the obtained bio‐char can be utilized for preparing carbon adsorbent as a result of its good surface area.

中文翻译：

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从当地可获得的非食用原料生产和表征液体生物燃料

文华（柑）种子被用作可能的非食用原料，分别通过碱-醇解和热解途径合成液体生物燃料，即生物柴油和生物油。通过方差分析（ANOVA）检验并优化了seed籽油与甲醇-乙醇醇等价混合物的碱-醇解反应。生物柴油的最佳实验产率（95.55±1.55 wt。％）与预测的产率（95.0 wt。％）相当。此外，单向方差分析表明所选变量具有统计学意义。1H NMR光谱断言了石油向生物柴油的转化。同样，生物柴油的评估特性在ASTM D6751标准给出的范围内。柑桔种子也已在固定床反应器中进行了热解过程，从而获得了生物油和生物炭。优化了热解温度，时间，进料粒度和加热速率对生物油收率的影响。使用70目粒度的进料，以20°C / min的加热速率，在475°C下60分钟可获得最高生物油产量（52.34±1.25 wt。％）。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），1H NMR光谱和最终分析对生物油进行了分析。源自MCS的生物油的经验公式为CH1.88 O0.16 N0.012 S0.0005，热值为37.96 MJ / kg。所获得的生物炭的碳含量高，氧含量低，发热量高（25.45 MJ / kg）表明其适合作为固体燃料。还，