Chitinases (Chi), an important resistance-related protein, act against fungal pathogens by catalyzing the fungal cell wall, whereas are involved in different biological pathways in grape. In this study, we found 42 Chi family genes in Vitis vinifera L. (VvChis) and evaluated their expression levels after Botrytis infection, stress hormones like ethylene (ETH) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), and abiotic stresses like salinity and temperature changes in ripened fruits. VvChis were categorized into five groups including A, B, C, D, and E belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 18 and 19 (GH18 and GH19) according to genes structure, which expression analysis showed distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns changed in different tissues and various development stages. Different responsive elements to biotic and abiotic stresses were determined in the promoter regions of VvChis, specially elicitor-responsive element that was conserved among all VvChis genes. The expression levels of VvChis in groups A, B, and E increased after Botrytis cinerea infection in leaves and berries. Meanwhile, VvChis in glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) were up-regulated under MeJA and ETH treatment, although the induction of VvChis by low temperature was more significant than high temperature. The expression of VvChis was also positively correlated with the concentration of NaCl treatment. Furthermore, differential gene-overexpression of VvChi5, VvChi17, VvChi22, VvChi26, and VvChi31 in strawberry and tomato fruits demonstrated the involvement of various isoforms in resistance to Botrytis infection through antioxidant system and lignin accumulation, which led to a reduction of damage. Among different isoforms of VvChis, we confirmed the interaction of Chi17 with Metallothionein (MTL) as oxidative stress protection, which suggests VvChis can modulate oxidative stress during postharvest storage in ripened fruits.

几丁质酶（Chitinases）是一种重要的抗性相关蛋白，它通过催化真菌细胞壁来对抗真菌病原体，而参与葡萄中的不同生物途径。在这项研究中，我们在葡萄（VvChis）中发现了42个Chi家族基因，并评估了葡萄孢感染后它们的表达水平，诸如乙烯（ETH）和茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）等应激激素以及盐度和温度变化等非生物胁迫。在成熟的水果中。VvChis根据基因结构将其分为糖苷水解酶家族18和19（GH18和GH19）的A，B，C，D和E五类，其表达分析表明在不同组织和不同组织中时空表达模式发生了明显变化发展阶段。在VvChis的启动子区域确定了对生物和非生物胁迫的不同响应元件，特别是激发子响应元件，在所有VvChis基因中都保守。灰葡萄孢感染叶片和浆果后，A，B和E组中VvChis的表达水平增加。同时，VvChis在MeJA和ETH处理下，糖苷水解酶18家族（GH18）中的蛋白上调，尽管低温诱导VvChis比高温显着。VvChis的表达也与NaCl处理浓度呈正相关。此外，草莓和番茄果实中VvChi5，VvChi17，VvChi22，VvChi26和VvChi31的差异基因过表达证明了各种同工型通过抗氧化剂系统和木质素积累参与了对葡萄孢感染的抗性，从而减少了损害。VvChis的不同亚型之间，我们证实了Chi17与金属硫蛋白（MTL）的相互作用可作为氧化应激保护，这表明VvChis可以在成熟果实收获后的贮藏过程中调节氧化应激。