Astrocytes are the most populous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are essential to CNS physiology and play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, development of synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Nevertheless, under the influence of certain factors, astrocytes may also exert detrimental effects through a process of reactive astrogliosis. Previous studies have shown that astrocytes have more than one type of polarization. Two types have been extensively researched. One is a damaging change that occurs under inflammation and has been termed A1 astrocyte, while the other is a restorative change that occurs under ischemic induction and was termed A2 astrocyte. Researchers are now increasingly paying attention to the role of astrocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI), degenerative diseases, chronic pain, neurological tumors, and other CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss (a) the characteristics of polarized astrocytes, (b) the relationship between astrocyte polarization and SCI, and (c) new implications of reactive astrogliosis for future SCI therapies.

中文翻译：

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反应性星形胶质细胞增生：对脊髓损伤进展和治疗的影响。

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中数量最多的神经胶质细胞。它们对于中枢神经系统生理学至关重要，在维持体内平衡、突触可塑性发展和神经保护方面发挥着重要作用。然而，在某些因素的影响下，星形胶质细胞也可能通过反应性星形胶质细胞增生过程发挥有害作用。先前的研究表明星形胶质细胞具有不止一种类型的极化。两种类型已被广泛研究。一种是在炎症条件下发生的破坏性变化，被称为A1星形胶质细胞，而另一种是在缺血诱导下发生的恢复性变化，被称为A2星形胶质细胞。研究人员现在越来越关注星形胶质细胞在脊髓损伤（SCI）、退行性疾病、慢性疼痛、神经肿瘤和其他中枢神经系统疾病中的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 (a) 极化星形胶质细胞的特征，(b) 星形胶质细胞极化与 SCI 之间的关系，以及 (c) 反应性星形胶质细胞增生对未来 SCI 治疗的新影响。