Despite consumers' belief that access to an outdoor range improves chicken welfare, still little is known about whether this is true and whether individual ranging profiles relate to the birds' welfare. The aim of the present study was to identify and compare welfare issues of the traditional broiler hybrid Sasso and the Polish heritage chicken Green-legged Partridge, having outdoor access, and examine if the birds' welfare status was associated with the ranging profile: outdoor-preferring, moderate-outdoor, and indoor-preferring. In August 2018, 60 non-beak trimmed birds per genetic strain were housed in groups of 10 from weeks 5 to 10, under conditions exceeding EU requirements of organic meat chicken production. Each pen had access to an individual outdoor range that was video-recorded continuously to obtain frequencies of individual birds' use of the ranges. Plumage condition, comb pecking wounds, skin injuries, dirtiness, toe damage, eye pathologies, footpad dermatitis, hock burns, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and walking difficulties were assessed at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis was conducted applying generalized linear mixed models, with binomial distribution and logit link using SAS software, applying breed and ranging profile as fixed factors and their interaction, with pen as random factor. A tendency for more respiratory infections was observed in Sasso birds from each ranging profile, as compared to matching ranging profiles presented by Green-legged Partridges (outdoor-preferring: P = 0.0012; moderate-outdoor: P < 0.0001; and indoor-preferring: P = 0.0247). Indoor-preferring Green-legged Partridges tended to present more respiratory infections, as compared to the 2 other ranging profiles within the breed (outdoor-preferring: P = 0.0291; moderate-outdoor: P = 0.0448). Regardless of the breed, toe damages were more frequent in indoor-preferring birds, as compared to other ranging profiles (P = 0.017). It remains unknown whether the use of outdoor areas prevents development of welfare issues or if birds with a suboptimal welfare condition become indoor-preferring individuals.

中文翻译：

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自由放养的商业和传统肉用家禽（Gallus gallus domesticus）的福利与范围分布之间的关联。

尽管消费者认为可以使用户外饲养场可以改善鸡的福利，但对于这种说法是否正确以及个体测距曲线是否与鸟类的福利有关，人们知之甚少。本研究的目的是确定并比较传统肉鸡杂交种Sasso和波兰传统鸡绿腿Part（可在户外使用）的福利问题，并检查鸟类的福利状况是否与测距相关：偏爱，室外偏爱和室内偏爱。2018年8月，在超过欧盟要求的有机肉鸡生产条件的情况下，从第5周到第10周，将每个遗传品系的60只非喙修剪的禽类分成10组饲养。每只钢笔都可以进入一个单独的室外范围，并对其进行连续视频记录，以获取各个鸟类使用该范围的频率。在实验结束时评估了全身状况，梳状啄伤，皮肤伤害，脏污，脚趾损伤，眼部疾病，足垫皮炎，飞节烧伤，呼吸道感染，腹泻和行走困难。应用广义线性混合模型进行统计分析，使用SAS软件进行二项式分布和logit链接，将品种和测距图作为固定因子，并将它们之间的相互作用以pen作为随机因子。与绿腿Part所呈现的相配测距图相比，萨索鸟类在每个测距图中都出现了更多的呼吸道感染趋势（室外优选：P = 0.0012；中度室外：P < 0.0001; 室内优先：P = 0.0247）。与该品种内的其他两个测距谱相比，室内偏爱的绿脚Part倾向于呈现更多的呼吸道感染（室外偏爱：P = 0.0291；中度室外：P = 0.0448）。无论哪个品种，与其他测距配置文件相比，在室内偏爱的鸟类中，脚趾损伤的发生频率更高（P = 0.017）。使用室外区域是否会阻止福利问题的发展，或者福利条件欠佳的鸟类是否会成为室内偏爱的个体，这一点仍然未知。与其他测距模式相比，在室内偏爱的鸟类中，脚趾损伤更为常见（P = 0.017）。使用室外区域是否会阻止福利问题的发展，或者福利条件欠佳的鸟类是否会成为室内偏爱的个体，这一点仍然未知。与其他测距模式相比，在室内偏爱的鸟类中，脚趾损伤更为常见（P = 0.017）。使用室外区域是否会阻止福利问题的发展，或者福利条件欠佳的鸟类是否会成为室内偏爱的个体，这一点仍然未知。