Many traditional procedures, including surgical methods such as microfracture of subchondral bone and soft tissue transplantation, have been widely used to treat damaged cartilage. However, there is still no definitive cure for cartilage defects. In recent decades, tissue engineering has raised hopes for the repair of defective cartilage. Different approaches are used for cartilage engineering, in which cells, scaffolds, and biological signals or growth factors may be used alone or in combination. Additionally, the imitation of the mechanical properties of the natural cartilage tissue by bioreactors is also helpful in this regard. It should be noted that in the transplantation of engineered cartilage tissue, there are challenges such as poor integration, inflammation and phenotypic instability that may lead to failure of neo-cartilage transplantation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the multiple therapeutic approaches, including surgical procedures, cell-based methods and tissue engineering, should be obtained. The present review article provides this information, along with a variety of factors, including cells, materials, and biological/biomechanical factors required for the engineering of cartilage tissue, as well as the challenges ahead and their solutions.

中文翻译：

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各种治疗策略的概述，尤其是关节软骨受损的组织工程。

许多传统方法，包括诸如软骨下骨微骨折和软组织移植之类的外科手术方法，已被广泛用于治疗受损的软骨。但是，仍然没有针对软骨缺陷的明确治疗方法。在最近的几十年中，组织工程学为修复缺陷软骨提出了希望。软骨工程使用不同的方法，其中细胞，支架和生物信号或生长因子可以单独使用或组合使用。另外，在这方面，生物反应器对天然软骨组织的机械性能的模仿也是有帮助的。应该注意的是，在工程软骨组织的移植中，存在诸如整合不良，发炎和表型不稳定，可能会导致新软骨移植失败。因此，应该获得对多种治疗方法的全面了解，包括手术程序，基于细胞的方法和组织工程。本综述文章提供了此信息以及各种因素，包括软骨组织工程所需的细胞，材料和生物/生物力学因素，以及未来面临的挑战及其解决方案。