Predation risk can strongly shape prey ecological traits, with specific anti-predator responses displayed to reduce encounters with predators. Key environmental drivers, such as temperature, can profoundly modulate prey energetic costs in ectotherms, although we currently lack knowledge of how both temperature and predation risk can challenge prey physiology and ecology. Such uncertainties in predator-prey interactions are particularly relevant for marine regions experiencing rapid environmental changes due to climate change. Using the octopus (Octopus maorum)-spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) interaction as a predator-prey model, we examined different metabolic traits of sub adult spiny lobsters under predation risk in combination with two thermal scenarios: 'current' (20°C) and 'warming' (23°C), based on projections of sea-surface temperature under climate change. We examined lobster standard metabolic rates to define the energetic requirements at specific temperatures. Routine metabolic rates (RMRs) within a respirometer were used as a proxy of lobster activity during night and day time, and active metabolic rates, aerobic scope and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were used to assess the energetic costs associated with escape responses (i.e. tail-flipping) in both thermal scenarios. Lobster standard metabolic rate increased at 23°C, suggesting an elevated energetic requirement (39%) compared to 20°C. Unthreatened lobsters displayed a strong circadian pattern in RMR with higher rates during the night compared with the day, which were strongly magnified at 23°C. Once exposed to predation risk, lobsters at 20°C quickly reduced their RMR by ~29%, suggesting an immobility or 'freezing' response to avoid predators. Conversely, lobsters acclimated to 23°C did not display such an anti-predator response. These findings suggest that warmer temperatures may induce a change to the typical immobility predation risk response of lobsters. It is hypothesized that heightened energetic maintenance requirements at higher temperatures may act to override the normal predator-risk responses under climate-change scenarios.

中文翻译：

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在掠食风险下，温度改变了刺龙虾的生理反应。

捕食风险可以强烈影响猎物的生态特征，并显示特定的反捕食者反应以减少与捕食者的接触。关键的环境驱动因素（例如温度）可以极大地调节等温线中猎物的能量消耗，尽管我们目前还不了解温度和捕食风险如何挑战猎物的生理和生态。捕食者与猎物相互作用的这种不确定性对于由于气候变化而经历快速环境变化的海洋地区尤其重要。使用章鱼（Octopus maorum）-多刺龙虾（Jasus edwardsii）相互作用作为捕食者-猎物模型，我们结合两种热情景研究了处于捕食风险下的亚成年刺龙虾的不同代谢特征：“当前”（20°C）和“变暖”（23°C），基于气候变化下海表温度的预测。我们检查了龙虾标准代谢率，以定义特定温度下的能量需求。呼吸计内的常规代谢率（RMR）被用作夜间和白天时间的龙虾活动的代用指标，而活跃的代谢率，有氧运动范围和运动后的过多氧气消耗被用来评估与逃生反应相关的精力成本（即在两种热情况下都发生尾部翻转）。龙虾标准代谢率在23°C时增加，表明与20°C相比，其能量需求较高（39％）。未受威胁的龙虾在RMR中表现出很强的昼夜节律模式，与白天相比，夜间的比率更高，在23°C时会被放大。一旦面临捕食风险，在20°C的温度下，龙虾的RMR迅速降低了约29％，这表明他们为避免掠食性动物而做出了静止或“冻结”的反应。相反，适应23°C的龙虾没有显示出这种抗捕食者的反应。这些发现表明，温度升高可能会导致典型的龙虾不动捕食风险响应发生变化。据推测，在更高的温度下更高的能量维护要求可能会推翻气候变化情景下正常的掠食者-风险响应。