The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology has offered innovative discoveries. Due to a wide variety of nanotechnology applications in the industrial, medical, and consumptive products, the application of nanotechnology has received considerable attention in the past decades. Metal-based nanoparticles including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are now widely utilized in different areas of nanotechnology, leading to an increase in human exposure to nonmaterial. Since the kidney is one of the major organs to remove a variety of potentially harmful substances, including nanoparticles (NPs), from living organisms and a large proportion of cardiac output reaches the kidney, this organ is susceptible to the toxin-induced renal injury. However, despite the extensive use of NPs, there is still a limited understanding of NP-mediated toxicity. The unique physicochemical properties of metal-based NPs not only make them highly desirable in a variety of applications but also enable them to induce changes at biological levels of cellular activities, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Since oxidative stress is a key factor of NP-induced injury, it is urgent to characterize the ROS response resulting from metal-based NPs. This review summarizes an assessment of the signaling pathways that are involved in the metal-based NP-induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on ROS production along with the potential oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. However, available data show that metal-based NPs may have a severe impact on the renal system, but the exact molecular mechanism of nephrotoxicity is not fully understood. A highly effective strategy for a better understanding of the mechanism would be to collect an increasing volume of information about the exposure time, physicochemical characteristics of the engineered NPs, and the cellular effects. In order to achieve a thorough knowledge of ROS-dependent renal toxicity, both in vitro and in vivo studies should be considered.

中文翻译：

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金属基纳米颗粒综述：活性氧在肾毒性中的作用。

迅速崛起的纳米技术领域提供了创新发现。由于纳米技术在工业、医疗和消费产品中的广泛应用，纳米技术的应用在过去几十年中受到了相当大的关注。包括金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子在内的金属基纳米粒子现在被广泛应用于纳米技术的不同领域，导致人类接触非物质的情况增加。由于肾脏是从生物体中去除包括纳米颗粒 (NPs) 在内的各种潜在有害物质的主要器官之一，并且大部分心输出量到达肾脏，因此该器官容易受到毒素引起的肾损伤。然而，尽管 NPs 被广泛使用，但对 NP 介导的毒性的理解仍然有限。金属基纳米粒子独特的物理化学性质不仅使它们在各种应用中非常受欢迎，而且使它们能够在细胞活动的生物学水平上引起变化，包括活性氧 (ROS) 的产生。由于氧化应激是 NP 诱导损伤的关键因素，因此迫切需要表征由金属基 NP 引起的 ROS 反应。本综述总结了对基于金属的 NP 诱导的肾毒性所涉及的信号通路的评估，特别关注 ROS 的产生以及潜在的氧化应激依赖性机制。然而，现有数据表明，金属基纳米颗粒可能对肾脏系统产生严重影响，但尚未完全了解肾毒性的确切分子机制。为了更好地理解该机制，一个非常有效的策略是收集越来越多的关于暴露时间、工程纳米粒子的物理化学特性和细胞效应的信息。为了全面了解 ROS 依赖性肾毒性，应考虑体外和体内研究。