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Beyond point of care diagnostics: Low-dimensional nanomaterials for electronic virus sensing
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-20 , DOI: 10.1116/6.0000368
C. Muratore 1, 2 , M. K. Muratore 2, 3
Affiliation  

Influenza results in tens of thousands of deaths annually in the USA and hundreds of thousands worldwide. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus, is even more devastating in terms of patient mortality. At the time of this writing, the nanoscopic SARS-Cov-2 virus has paralyzed the world economy and resulted in what are likely permanent changes in our expectations of society and daily life. New technology is needed to reduce the economic and social impacts of diseases such as COVID-19 and prevent additional negative consequences resulting from subsequent pandemics. As viruses such as Influenza A and SARS-Cov-2 are transmitted from person to person by exposure to infected secretions, inexpensive at-home or workplace tests for the analysis of the virus content within those secretions, such as saliva or mucus from the nasopharynx (as in a swab-based test) or oropharynx (as in a saliva-based test), will be critical for a safe return to work, school, and cultural activities. The most reliable approaches for viral sensing are polymerase chain reaction and protein detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; however, these approaches require extensive sample handling, laboratory infrastructure, and long sample-to-result time. Advances are leading to increased point-of-care capability for these testing methods, but even this effort is insufficient for curbing the impact of the current pandemic. There are many options for alternative virus (or antigen) detection currently in development. These novel approaches are more amenable for testing in home or workplace without specialized equipment and training and include measurements of mass changes, heat of adsorption, electrochemical changes, changes in optical properties, and changes in electronic properties. Of these transduction mechanisms, electronic property measurements of materials as they interact with virus-containing secretions offer the greatest potential for simplicity, selectivity, and sensitivity needed to revolutionize traditional laboratory assays for at-home pathogen detection. We have, therefore, focused this review on the operation and architecture of electronic antigen sensors, specifically those demonstrating a change in electrical conductivity when interacting with a specific antigen, with hopes that a brief summary of over five decades of research in this area will be beneficial to those developing alternative, user-friendly routes for detection of viruses at this or any time. A key element in electronic virus sensing with useful sensitivity is the use of nanomaterials with ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratios, maximizing the change in charge carrier density upon adsorption events. So-called “low-dimensional materials” are materials characterized by nanoscopic length scales in at least one dimension. One-dimensional nanomaterials such as nanowires and nanotubes are well-established as effective sensing materials with potential for high sensitivity; however, their realization on a large scale has been challenging. Two-dimensional materials are planar materials with thicknesses of one or a few molecular layers and represent the ultimate limit of the surface-to-volume ratio with promising demonstrations of large-scale production and sensitive, selective virus sensing with many options for functionalization. All aspects of 2D sensor fabrication, functionalization, and use are addressed.

中文翻译:

超越即时诊断功能:用于电子病毒感测的低维纳米材料

流感每年在美国导致成千上万的死亡,而在世界范围内则导致成千上万的死亡。由SARS-Cov-2病毒引起的COVID-19在患者死亡率方面更具破坏性。在撰写本文时,纳米SARS-Cov-2病毒已经瘫痪了世界经济,导致我们对社会和日常生活的期望可能发生永久性变化。需要新技术来减少疾病(例如COVID-19)的经济和社会影响,并防止随后的大流行引起的其他负面后果。由于甲型流感病毒和SARS-Cov-2等病毒是通过暴露于受感染的分泌物而在人与人之间传播的,因此需要廉价的家庭或工作场所测试来分析这些分泌物中的病毒含量,诸如来自鼻咽的唾液或粘液(如基于拭子的测试)或口咽(如基于唾液的测试),对于安全返回工作,学校和文化活动至关重要。病毒感测最可靠的方法是聚合酶链反应和通过酶联免疫吸附测定进行蛋白检测。但是,这些方法需要大量的样品处理,实验室基础设施以及较长的样品到结果时间。进步导致这些测试方法的即时检验能力增强,但是即使是这种努力也不足以遏制当前大流行的影响。当前正在开发多种替代病毒(或抗原)检测方法。这些新颖的方法更适合在家里或工作场所进行测试而无需专门的设备和培训,并且包括质量变化,吸附热,电化学变化,光学性质的变化和电子性质的变化的测量。在这些转导机制中,材料与包含病毒的分泌物相互作用时的电子性质测量提供了极大的潜力,具有革新传统的实验室检测在家中病原体检测所需的简单性,选择性和灵敏度。因此,我们将审查重点放在了电子抗原传感器的操作和架构上,特别是那些与特定抗原相互作用时显示出电导率变化的传感器,希望对这方面的五十多年研究进行简短的总结,将对那些在当前或任何时候开发出替代的,用户友好的病毒检测途径的人有所帮助。具有有效敏感性的电子病毒感测中的关键要素是使用具有超高表面积与体积比的纳米材料,可最大程度地提高吸附事件后电荷载流子密度的变化。所谓的“低维材料”是特征在于至少一维的纳米级长度尺度的材料。一维纳米材料(例如纳米线和纳米管)已被广泛确立为具有高灵敏度潜力的有效传感材料。然而,它们的大规模实现一直具有挑战性。二维材料是具有一层或几个分子层厚度的平面材料,代表了表面体积比的最终极限,具有大规模生产和敏感的,选择性的病毒感测以及许多功能选择的有希望的证明。解决了二维传感器制造,功能化和使用的所有方面。
更新日期:2020-09-10
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