The species-area relationship (SAR), the latitudinal gradient, the peninsula effect, and the elevational gradient are widespread biogeographical patterns. Using data from Italian reserves, these patterns were tested for tenebrionids and used as a framework to calculate expected extinction rates following area loss. Area was an important determinant of overall tenebrionid species richness, but not for xylophilous and endemic species. Thus, focusing on reserve areas is not the best approach for conserving insects with specialised ecology and restricted distribution. In general, species richness declined northwards, which contrasts with the peninsula effect, but conforms to the European latitudinal pattern observed in most taxa because of current and past biogeographical factors. Minimum elevation had an overall negative influence, as most tenebrionids are thermophilic. However, xylophilous tenebrionids, which are mainly associated with mesophilic forests, did not decline northwards, and were positively influenced by higher elevational ranges that allow more forms of vegetation. SAR-based extinction rates reflect species dispersal capabilities, being highest for geophilous species (which are mainly flightless), and lower for the xylophilous species. Extinction rates based on multiple models indicate that the use of area alone may overestimate extinction rates, when other factors exert an important role in determining species richness.

中文翻译：

---

甲虫的保护生物地理：意大利保护区的见解

物种-面积关系（SAR），纬度梯度，半岛效应和海拔梯度是广泛的生物地理模式。使用来自意大利保护区的数据，对这些模式进行了ten虫的测试，并将其用作计算面积减少后预期灭绝率的框架。面积是决定性的生物物种丰富度的重要决定因素，但不是木糖和特有物种的丰富度。因此，集中保护区并不是保护具有专门生态和分布受限的昆虫的最佳方法。总的来说，物种丰富度向北下降，这与半岛效应相反，但由于当前和过去的生物地理因素，与大多数生物分类中观察到的欧洲纬度格局一致。最低海拔高度会对整体产生负面影响，因为大多数生物虫是嗜热的。但是，主要与嗜温性森林有关的嗜木的e虫并没有向北衰落，而是受到海拔更高的海拔高度的积极影响，而海拔更高的海拔范围允许更多的植被形式。基于SAR的灭绝速率反映了物种的扩散能力，对于地缘物种（主要是不会飞行的物种）而言最高，而对于木糖物种而言则更低。基于多种模型的灭绝率表明，当其他因素在决定物种丰富度方面发挥重要作用时，仅使用面积可能会高估灭绝率。基于SAR的灭绝速率反映了物种的扩散能力，对于地缘物种（主要是不会飞行的物种）而言最高，而对于木糖物种而言则更低。基于多种模型的灭绝率表明，当其他因素在决定物种丰富度方面发挥重要作用时，仅使用面积可能会高估灭绝率。基于SAR的灭绝速率反映了物种的扩散能力，对于地缘物种（主要是不会飞行的物种）而言最高，而对于木糖物种而言则更低。基于多种模型的灭绝率表明，当其他因素在决定物种丰富度方面发挥重要作用时，仅使用面积可能会高估灭绝率。