Printing process development for fabrication of organic electronic devices is described, with focus on semiconductor layers for organic light‐emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells. This development is considerably more complex than for a graphical printing process. Key aspects are an adequate dosing and transfer of highly volatile inks, the reliable coalescence of the droplets deposited on the substrate to a closed liquid film, and the successful relaxation and leveling of the liquid–air interface in the solvent evaporation phase in the presence of Marangoni stresses and pattern formation instabilities. The conditions for successful implementation of a gravure or inkjet process, using steadily developing, new generations of polymer as well as small molecule semiconductors are, to a large extent, but not exclusively, originating from the molecular features of organic semiconductors and their printable solutions. In addition, recent developments in surface technology, and in the physics of thin‐film dynamics and spontaneous pattern formation contribute to a proper understanding of liquid layer dynamics in printed electronics. The role of ink formulation, Marangoni stresses related to concentration and temperature gradients, the effect of the disjoining pressure, and solvent evaporation are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

OLED / OPV应用中有机半导体溶液印刷液膜的流平和干燥动力学

描述了用于制造有机电子设备的印刷工艺，重点是用于有机发光二极管和光伏电池的半导体层。与图形打印过程相比，此开发过程要复杂得多。关键方面是高挥发性油墨的适当配量和转移，沉积在基材上的液滴可靠地聚结到闭合的液膜上以及在存在溶剂的情况下在溶剂蒸发阶段成功地松弛和整平液-气界面Marangoni应力和图案形成不稳定性。使用稳定发展的新一代聚合物以及小分子半导体成功实施凹版印刷或喷墨工艺的条件在很大程度上但并非唯一地是，源于有机半导体及其可印刷溶液的分子特征。此外，表面技术以及薄膜动力学和自发图案形成的物理学方面的最新发展有助于正确理解印刷电子产品中的液层动力学。讨论了油墨配方的作用，与浓度和温度梯度有关的Marangoni应力，分离压力的影响以及溶剂蒸发。