Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things domain comprise of numerous small sized battery powered sensor nodes. Energy efficiency and energy balancing are very important aspects from the perspective of increasing the lifespan of WSN. Energy balancing is more important in case of multi-hop networks with many-to-one communication pattern as the nodes which are closer to the sink have more relay load than the other nodes. In this work, we present a detailed discussion on the different energy balancing approaches with a detailed analysis of each. The discussion is further accompanied by a detailed analytical comparison of the approaches. Further, this study presents a detailed analytical discussion and comparative study of the different energy balancing schemes based on mixed-hop transmission. Mixed transmissions, where each node selects between cheap hop-by-hop transmission and costly direct transmissions, is a reasonable approach to achieve balanced energy consumption. Besides, the paper also throws some light on the various issues and challenges present in the domain of mixed-hop energy balancing. It also mentions few research directions which can be focused upon to carry further research in this domain.

无线传感器网络（WSN）和物联网域由许多小型电池供电的传感器节点组成。从延长WSN的使用寿命来看，能源效率和能量平衡是非常重要的方面。在具有多对一通信模式的多跳网络中，能量平衡更为重要，因为更靠近宿的节点比其他节点具有更大的中继负载。在这项工作中，我们对不同的能量平衡方法进行了详细的讨论，并对每种方法进行了详细的分析。讨论中还伴随着对方法的详细分析比较。此外，本研究对基于混合跳频传输的不同能量平衡方案进行了详细的分析讨论和比较研究。混合传动 每个节点在便宜的逐跳传输和昂贵的直接传输之间进行选择是一种实现均衡能耗的合理方法。此外，本文还对混合跳跃能量平衡领域中存在的各种问题和挑战作了一些阐述。它还提到了一些研究方向，这些研究方向可以集中在此领域进行进一步的研究。