Four purified diets were fed to quadruplicate groups of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (initial body weight 55 g; 20 fish per replicate) for 11 weeks. The gross energy of three high‐macronutrient diets was 11% higher than that of the control diet. The high‐protein diet led to the highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), while the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) (p < .05). No significant effect on the above four indexes was observed in fish fed the high‐fat diet (p > .05). Fish fed high‐carbohydrate diet had the lowest WG and SGR (p < .05), while no significant difference was found in PER and PRE (p > .05). The contents of crude fat, total polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle in high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate groups, but not in high‐protein group, were significantly higher than those of control group (p < .05). The contents of muscular protein and most amino acids did not show any clear change in response to high‐macronutrient diet (p > .05). Gene expression data in muscle indicated that g6pd, fas and acc1 in muscle were up‐regulated in high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate groups, and fbp and pck were significantly up‐regulated in high‐macronutrient groups (p < .05). In conclusion, the high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate diets increased muscular fat deposition by up‐regulation the key enzymes expressions of pentose phosphate pathway and fat synthesis, and high‐macronutrient diets increased muscular glycogen content by up‐regulation gluconeogenesis enzymes expressions.

中文翻译：

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高营养素（蛋白质，脂肪和碳水化合物）饮食对草鱼生长性能和肌肉代谢反应的影响

四个纯化日粮饲喂给草鱼（一式四份的组草鱼）（初始体重55克;每个重复20鱼）11周。三种高营养素饮食的总能量比对照饮食高11％。高蛋白饮食导致最高的增重（WG）和比生长速率（SGR），而最低的蛋白效率比（PER）和蛋白保留效率（PRE）（p  <.05）。饲喂高脂饮食的鱼对上述四个指标没有显着影响（p  > .05）。高碳水化合物饮食的鱼的WG和SGR最低（p  <.05），而PER和PRE（p > .05）。高脂和高碳水化合物组的肌肉中粗脂肪，总多不饱和脂肪酸的含量显着高于对照组（p  <.05），而高蛋白组则没有（p <.05）。肌肉蛋白质和大多数氨基酸的含量对高营养素饮食没有明显变化（p>  .05）。在肌肉的基因表达数据表明，G6PD，FAS和ACC1在肌肉是在高脂肪和高糖基上调，和FBP和PCK被显著在高常量营养素组上调（p <.05）。总之，高脂肪和高碳水化合物饮食通过上调磷酸戊糖途径和脂肪合成的关键酶表达来增加肌肉脂肪沉积，而高营养饮食则通过上调糖原异生酶的表达来增加肌肉糖原含量。