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Synaptic inhibition in the neocortex: Orchestration and computation through canonical circuits and variations on the theme
Cortex ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-09 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.015
Joana Lourenço 1 , Fani Koukouli 1 , Alberto Bacci 1
Affiliation  

The neocortex plays a crucial role in all basic and abstract cognitive functions. Conscious mental processes are achieved through a correct flow of information within and across neocortical networks, whose particular activity state results from a tight balance between excitation and inhibition. The proper equilibrium between these indissoluble forces is operated with multiscale organization: along the dendro–somatic axis of single neurons and at the network level. Fast synaptic inhibition is assured by a multitude of inhibitory interneurons. During cortical activities, these cells operate a finely tuned division of labor that is epitomized by their detailed connectivity scheme. Recent results combining the use of mouse genetics, cutting-edge optical and neurophysiological approaches have highlighted the role of fast synaptic inhibition in driving cognition-related activity through a canonical cortical circuit, involving several major interneuron subtypes and principal neurons. Here we detail the organization of this cortical blueprint and we highlight the crucial role played by different neuron types in fundamental cortical computations. In addition, we argue that this canonical circuit is prone to many variations on the theme, depending on the resolution of the classification of neuronal types, and the cortical area investigated. Finally, we discuss how specific alterations of distinct inhibitory circuits can underlie several devastating brain diseases.



中文翻译:

新皮质中的突触抑制:通过规范电路和主题变化的编排和计算

新皮质在所有基本和抽象的认知功能中都起着至关重要的作用。有意识的心理过程是通过新皮层网络内部和之间的正确信息流动来实现的,其特定的活动状态源于兴奋和抑制之间的紧密平衡。这些不可分割的力量之间的适当平衡是通过多尺度组织来运作的:沿着单个神经元的树状体轴和网络水平。大量的抑制性中间神经元确保了快速的突触抑制。在皮层活动期间,这些细胞进行精细的分工,具体体现为它们的详细连接方案。结合使用小鼠遗传学的最新结果,尖端的光学和神经生理学方法强调了快速突触抑制在通过典型皮层回路驱动认知相关活动中的作用,涉及几个主要的中间神经元亚型和主要神经元。在这里,我们详细介绍了这个皮层蓝图的组织,并强调了不同神经元类型在基本皮层计算中所起的关键作用。此外,我们认为,根据神经元类型分类的分辨率和所研究的皮层区域,这种经典回路容易在主题上产生许多变化。最后,我们讨论了不同抑制回路的特定改变如何成为几种破坏性脑疾病的基础。涉及几个主要的中间神经元亚型和主要神经元。在这里,我们详细介绍了这个皮层蓝图的组织,并强调了不同神经元类型在基本皮层计算中所起的关键作用。此外,我们认为,根据神经元类型分类的分辨率和所研究的皮层区域,这种经典回路容易在主题上产生许多变化。最后,我们讨论了不同抑制回路的特定改变如何成为几种破坏性脑疾病的基础。涉及几个主要的中间神经元亚型和主要神经元。在这里,我们详细介绍了这个皮层蓝图的组织,并强调了不同神经元类型在基本皮层计算中所起的关键作用。此外,我们认为,根据神经元类型分类的分辨率和所研究的皮层区域,这种经典电路容易在主题上产生许多变化。最后,我们讨论了不同抑制回路的特定改变如何成为几种破坏性脑疾病的基础。取决于神经元类型分类的分辨率,以及所研究的皮质区域。最后,我们讨论了不同抑制回路的特定改变如何成为几种破坏性脑疾病的基础。取决于神经元类型分类的分辨率,以及所研究的皮质区域。最后,我们讨论了不同抑制回路的特定改变如何成为几种破坏性脑疾病的基础。

更新日期:2020-09-29
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