Abstract Water security is a pressing issue for global citizens in the 21st century. Concerns over clean water supply, and the environmental impact of industrial waste water, make water treatment a world-wide problem requiring a simple and effective solution. Membrane distillation is an emerging water purification technique that complements state-of-the-art reverse osmosis processes. Membrane distillation achieves high rejection over a range of salt concentrations while maintaining flux, using a temperature differential as opposed to pressure across the membrane. Importantly the process can be driven using low grade waste heat energy. Current membranes used in membrane distillation do not guarantee stable membrane performance under harsh (high salt and acid or base concentrations) conditions. Here we report, a permeable graphene membrane operating in harsh conditions with no observable degradation. A permeate of pH neutral water with a flux of 25 ± 1 L m−2 h−1 is produced by this membrane through near (99.9 ± 0.1%) ion rejection from 0.6 M sodium chloride at pH 1 and pH 13, over 144 h. More complex ion solutions, including real acid mine drainage waste-water, were also successfully purified. These findings may present a membrane that is suitable to improve water supply and reduce the environmental impact of industrial waste-water.

中文翻译：

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使用石墨烯膜排斥苛刻的 pH 盐溶液

摘要 水安全是21世纪全球公民面临的紧迫问题。对清洁水供应的担忧以及工业废水对环境的影响，使水处理成为一个需要简单有效解决方案的世界性问题。膜蒸馏是一种新兴的水净化技术，可补充最先进的反渗透工艺。膜蒸馏使用温差而不是膜上的压力，在保持通量的同时，在一定范围的盐浓度范围内实现高截留率。重要的是，该过程可以使用低品位废热能来驱动。当前用于膜蒸馏的膜不能保证在苛刻（高盐和酸或碱浓度）条件下稳定的膜性能。我们在这里报道，一种可在恶劣条件下运行的可渗透石墨烯膜，没有可观察到的降解。该膜通过在 144 小时内从 0.6 M 氯化钠中去除接近 (99.9 ± 0.1%) 的离子，产生通量为 25 ± 1 L m-2 h-1 的 pH 中性水渗透物. 更复杂的离子溶液，包括真正的酸性矿山排水废水，也被成功净化。这些发现可能提供一种适用于改善供水和减少工业废水对环境影响的膜。也被成功提纯。这些发现可能提供一种适用于改善供水和减少工业废水对环境影响的膜。也被成功提纯。这些发现可能提供一种适用于改善供水和减少工业废水对环境影响的膜。