Abstract This study examines how smallholder farmers operate degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems and apply organic farm waste. We surveyed 150 farm households in two districts of the Kagera region in north-west Tanzania (Karagwe and Kyerwa districts). An expert-based typology revealed three groups of farm households that differ in biomass production (high, moderate, low). Households producing high amounts of biomass have integrated a sophisticated farm waste management system, but do not exploit the full potential of organic farm waste as a soil fertiliser and conditioner. The integration of farm waste management decreases in farm households with medium and low biomass production. None of the households is food secure, as they experience seasonality in food production and lack food storage technologies. In farm households with high and medium biomass production, the optimised use of organic farm waste could potentially lead to food security if food storage capacities were also improved. However, farm households with low biomass production will not become food secure with the introduction of organic farm waste management alone, as the land size is too small, and the socio-economic basis for it is lacking. Limited labour remains a major restriction to improving farm waste management. In the future, the safe use of human excreta needs to be fostered in engineering and research, holistic material flow analyses integrating (low-tech) agricultural solutions and concepts investigated, e.g., biochar production, safe use of mineral fertiliser and climate-smart agriculture, and the socio-economic status of female-headed households strengthened, e.g., in farmer field schools and governmental programmes.

中文翻译：

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坦桑尼亚西北部退化的以香蕉咖啡为基础的农业系统中的有机农场废物管理

摘要 本研究考察了小农如何经营以香蕉咖啡为基础的退化农业系统并应用有机农场废物。我们调查了坦桑尼亚西北部 Kagera 地区两个地区（Karagwe 和 Kyerwa 地区）的 150 户农户。基于专家的类型学揭示了三组生物量产量不同的农户（高、中、低）。生产大量生物质的家庭已经整合了一个复杂的农场废物管理系统，但没有充分利用有机农场废物作为土壤肥料和调节剂的潜力。农业废物管理的整合在具有中低生物量生产的农户中减少。没有一个家庭是粮食安全的，因为他们的粮食生产有季节性，并且缺乏粮食储存技术。在具有高和中等生物质产量的农户中，如果粮食储存能力也得到提高，有机农场废物的优化利用可能会导致粮食安全。然而，由于土地面积太小，而且缺乏社会经济基础，仅引入有机农场废物管理，生物量产量低的农户将无法获得粮食安全。有限的劳动力仍然是改善农场废物管理的主要限制因素。未来，人类排泄物的安全利用需要在工程和研究、整合（低技术）农业解决方案和研究概念的整体物质流分析中得到培养，例如生物炭生产、矿物肥料的安全使用和气候智能型农业，以及女户主家庭的社会经济地位得到加强，例如，