A large diversity of parasites manipulates their hosts in various ways to complete their own life cycle. Enhancing the attractiveness of their host to vectors has been suggested as a strategy allowing vector-borne parasites to increase their transmission. Indeed, a higher attraction of hematophagous, arthropod vectors to infected vertebrates compared to uninfected individuals has been found in many systems (e.g., Trypanosoma-tsetse flies, Leishmania-sand flies, Borrelia-ticks) but was most often verified in the Plasmodium-mosquitoes model. However, a number of studies found no difference in attractiveness, or a higher attractiveness of uninfected hosts. In this review, we present studies reporting a comparison of the attractiveness and/or the biting rate of infected and uninfected vertebrates. We then discuss several biological factors and experimental design aspects that can explain discrepancies between studies. Finally, we stress the importance of investigating the mechanisms of parasite-induced increased attractiveness of infected hosts to conclude that such observations are cases of adaptive manipulation.

中文翻译：

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节肢动物载体对受感染脊椎动物的增强吸引力：经验证据回顾

种类繁多的寄生虫以各种方式操纵宿主以完成自己的生命周期。提高宿主对病媒的吸引力已被建议作为一种策略，允许病媒传播的寄生虫增加其传播。事实上，在许多系统（例如，锥虫-采采蝇、利什曼原虫-沙蝇、疏螺旋体-蜱）中发现，与未受感染的个体相比，食血性节肢动物载体对受感染脊椎动物的吸引力更高，但最常在疟原虫-蚊子中得到证实模型。然而，许多研究发现未感染宿主的吸引力没有差异，或更高的吸引力。在这篇综述中，我们提出了报告比较受感染和未受感染脊椎动物的吸引力和/或咬人率的研究。然后，我们讨论了可以解释研究之间差异的几个生物学因素和实验设计方面。最后，我们强调研究寄生虫引起的感染宿主吸引力增加的机制的重要性，以得出结论，这些观察是适应性操纵的案例。