Goat meat production is an expanding industry in Australia. However, there is limited data quantifying the levels of reproductive performance, particularly under extensively grazed rangeland conditions, which would inform interventions to improve performance. This review aimed to quantify the levels of reproduction, time and causes of reproductive wastage in goats. It considers the levels of fertility, fecundity, embryonic loss, fetal loss and post-natal survival reported under Australian conditions, and comparisons are made with international reports. Key management factors that may contribute to reproductive performance include breed, seasonality, nutritional conditions, and weather conditions at kidding. While goats are potentially prolific breeders, in Australia, the variation in weaning rate (kids/doe joined) among properties is large (51–165%), although the causes of this variation are not well defined. Generally, conception and kidding rates are high, although fetal loss associated with undernutrition is more likely in goats than sheep. As with sheep, perinatal losses are generally the largest source of wastage, with an average 20% kid mortality, but this level is influenced by litter size and appears to be higher under extensive rangeland systems. The causes of perinatal kid loss under Australian conditions are similar to those in sheep, with starvation–mismothering–exposure and dystocia or stillbirth the key causes. Studies are needed to accurately quantify the level and causes of reproductive wastage in commercial herds, including a range of management situations, to enable effective interventions to be developed.

中文翻译：

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山羊的繁殖性能和围产期死亡的原因：综述

山羊肉生产在澳大利亚是一个不断扩大的行业。然而，量化繁殖性能水平的数据有限，特别是在广泛放牧的牧场条件下，这将为提高性能的干预措施提供信息。本综述旨在量化山羊的繁殖水平、时间和繁殖浪费的原因。它考虑了澳大利亚条件下报告的生育率、繁殖力、胚胎丢失、胎儿丢失和产后存活率水平，并与国际报告进行了比较。可能有助于繁殖性能的关键管理因素包括品种、季节性、营养条件和开玩笑时的天气条件。虽然山羊可能是多产的饲养员，但在澳大利亚，各家畜群的断奶率（加入的儿童/母猪）变化很大（51-165%），尽管这种变化的原因尚不清楚。一般来说，受孕率和流产率都很高，尽管与绵羊相比，山羊更可能出现与营养不良相关的胎儿丢失。与绵羊一样，围产期损失通常是最大的浪费来源，平均 20% 的儿童死亡率，但这一水平受窝产仔数的影响，在广泛的牧场系统下似乎更高。澳大利亚条件下围产期儿童丢失的原因与绵羊相似，主要原因是饥饿 - 误母 - 暴露和难产或死产。需要进行研究以准确量化商业畜群生殖浪费的水平和原因，包括一系列管理情况，