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Artificial night light helps account for observer bias in citizen science monitoring of an expanding large mammal population
Journal of Animal Ecology ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-05 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13338
Mark A Ditmer 1 , Fabiola Iannarilli 2 , Andrew N Tri 3 , David L Garshelis 3 , Neil H Carter 1
Affiliation  

The integration of citizen scientists into ecological research is transforming how, where, and when data are collected, and expanding the potential scales of ecological studies. Citizen-science projects can provide numerous benefits for participants, while educating and connecting professionals with lay audiences, potentially increasing acceptance of conservation and management actions. However, for all the benefits, collection of citizen-science data is often biased towards areas that are easily accessible (e.g. developments and roadways), and thus data are usually affected by issues typical of opportunistic surveys (e.g. uneven sampling effort). These areas are usually illuminated by artificial light at night (ALAN), a dynamic sensory stimulus that alters the perceptual world for both humans and wildlife. Our goal was to test whether satellite-based measures of ALAN could improve our understanding of the detection process of citizen scientist-reported sightings of a large mammal. We collected observations of American black bears (Ursus americanus; n = 1,315) outside their primary range in Minnesota, USA, as part of a study to gauge population expansion. Participants from the public provided sighting locations of bears on a website. We used an occupancy modelling framework to determine how well ALAN accounted for observer metrics compared to other commonly used metrics (e.g. housing density). Citizen scientists reported 17% of bear sightings were under artificially-lit conditions and monthly ALAN estimates did the best job accounting for spatial bias in detection of all observations, based on AIC values and effect sizes (β= 0.81, 0.71 - 0.90 95% CI). Bear detection increased with elevated illuminance; relative abundance was positively associated with natural cover, proximity to primary bear range and lower road density. Although the highest counts of bear sightings occurred in the highly illuminated suburbs of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region, we estimated substantially higher bear abundance in another region with plentiful natural cover and low ALAN (up to ~375% increased predicted relative abundance) where observations were sparse. We demonstrate the importance of considering ALAN radiance when analyzing citizen scientist-collected data, and we highlight the ways that ALAN data provides a dynamic snapshot of human activity.

中文翻译:

人造夜光有助于解释公民科学监测不断扩大的大型哺乳动物种群中的观察者偏见

公民科学家融入生态研究正在改变收集数据的方式、地点和时间,并扩大生态研究的潜在规模。公民科学项目可以为参与者提供许多好处,同时教育专业人士并将其与非专业观众联系起来,可能会增加对保护和管理行动的接受度。然而,尽管有所有好处,公民科学数据的收集往往偏向于易于访问的区域(例如开发和道路),因此数据通常会受到机会主义调查的典型问题(例如不均匀的抽样工作)的影响。这些区域通常在夜间由人造光 (ALAN) 照亮,这是一种动态的感官刺激,可以改变人类和野生动物的感知世界。我们的目标是测试基于卫星的 ALAN 测量是否可以提高我们对公民科学家报告的大型哺乳动物目击事件检测过程的理解。我们在美国明尼苏达州收集了对美洲黑熊(Ursus americanus;n = 1,315)的观察结果,作为衡量人口扩张研究的一部分。公众参与者在网站上提供了熊的目击地点。我们使用入住率建模框架来确定与其他常用指标(例如住房密度)相比,ALAN 对观察者指标的解释程度。公民科学家报告说,17% 的熊目击是在人工照明条件下进行的,并且根据 AIC 值和效应大小 (β= 0.81, 0.71 - 0. 90 95% 置信区间)。随着照度的升高,熊的探测增加;相对丰度与自然覆盖、靠近主要熊范围和较低的道路密度呈正相关。尽管在明尼阿波利斯 - 圣彼得堡的光线充足的郊区出现了最多的熊目击事件。保罗大都市区,我们估计在另一个具有丰富自然覆盖和低 ALAN(预测相对丰度增加约 375%)的地区,熊的丰度要高得多,在该地区观测稀少。我们证明了在分析公民科学家收集的数据时考虑 ALAN 辐射的重要性,并强调了 ALAN 数据提供人类活动动态快照的方式。靠近主要熊范围和较低的道路密度。尽管在明尼阿波利斯 - 圣彼得堡的光线充足的郊区出现了最多的熊目击事件。保罗大都市区,我们估计在另一个具有丰富自然覆盖和低 ALAN(预测相对丰度增加约 375%)的地区,熊的丰度要高得多,在该地区观测稀少。我们证明了在分析公民科学家收集的数据时考虑 ALAN 辐射的重要性,并强调了 ALAN 数据提供人类活动动态快照的方式。靠近主要熊范围和较低的道路密度。尽管在明尼阿波利斯 - 圣彼得堡的高度照明的郊区出现了最多的熊目击事件。保罗大都市区,我们估计在另一个具有丰富自然覆盖和低 ALAN(预测相对丰度增加约 375%)的地区,熊的丰度要高得多,在该地区观测稀少。我们证明了在分析公民科学家收集的数据时考虑 ALAN 辐射的重要性,并强调了 ALAN 数据提供人类活动动态快照的方式。我们估计在另一个具有丰富自然覆盖和低 ALAN(预测相对丰度增加约 375%)的地区,熊的丰度要高得多,在那里观测资料稀少。我们展示了在分析公民科学家收集的数据时考虑 ALAN 辐射的重要性,并强调了 ALAN 数据提供人类活动动态快照的方式。我们估计在另一个具有丰富自然覆盖和低 ALAN(预测相对丰度增加约 375%)的地区,熊的丰度要高得多,在那里观测资料稀少。我们证明了在分析公民科学家收集的数据时考虑 ALAN 辐射的重要性,并强调了 ALAN 数据提供人类活动动态快照的方式。
更新日期:2020-10-05
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